ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Occurrence of malignant vertebral fractures in an emergency room setting

Ruben Dammers¹, Henk W C Bijvoet¹, Maarten J Driesse², Cees C J Avezaat¹

¹ Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
² Department of Neurosurgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

Correspondence to:
Dr Ruben Dammers, Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center, ’s Gravendijkwal 230, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; r.dammers{at}erasmusmc.nl

Background: To perform a risk analysis study to determine the probability of a spinal fracture being of malignant origin in patients presenting at a level I trauma centre emergency room after trauma.

Patients and methods: Data from 334 consecutive patients were retrospectively obtained from 1993 to 2003. They were divided into two groups: group 1—(benign) traumatic fractures; and group 2—malignant fractures (n = 32). For statistical analysis independent Student t test, ² test, and backward-stepwise logistic regression were used.

Results: The risk of vertebral fractures appearing to be of malignant origin increased with anatomical location (non-cervical—that is, thoracic or lumbar: odds ratio (OR) 48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8 to 291), a history of malignancy (OR 72, 95% CI 12 to 422), trauma mechanism (that is, high energy: OR 0.03, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.28), and age >64 years (OR 3, 95% CI 0.9 to 12). Hence, patients over 64 years old attending the emergency room, with a vertebral fracture after a low energy trauma, had an approximately 50% chance of having a malignant fracture. With a non-cervical location and a history of malignancy this increased to 98%. Regardless of the trauma mechanism and age of the patient, a history of a malignancy and a non-cervical fracture posed at least a 36% risk of having a malignant fracture.

Conclusion: Supported by the present results we feel the probability of malignant fractures, although not frequently encountered, should always be considered in elderly and middle-aged patients with a history of malignancy and a non-cervical traumatic fracture.

Abbreviations: B, mean regression coefficient; C3, third cervical vertebra; CI, confidence interval; CT, computed tomography; ER, emergency room; GCS, Glasgow Coma Score; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; OR, odds ratio

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