Table 2
| Author, date and country | Patient group | Study type (level of evidence) | Outcomes | Key results | Study weaknesses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wilson JA et al, UK, 1996 | 58 children age 3–16 with suspected limb fractures. | PRCT | Degree of analgesia at 5, 10, 20 and 30 min | No clinical or statistical difference | Small numbers |
| 0.1 mg/kg nasal diamorphine v 0.2 mg/kg IM morphine | Proportion of children with no pain | 100 v 55% | Not blinded | ||
| Parental satisfaction | p<0.0001 | ||||
| Side effects | none reported | ||||
| Kendall JM et al, UK, 2001 | 404 children aged 3 to 16 years with clinical fracture of an upper or lower limb. | PRCT | Degree of analgesia at | Clinical significance of different analgesic effect not reported | |
| 5 min | Less in nasal (p<0.04) | ||||
| 0.1 mg/kg nasal diamorphine v 0.2 mg/kg IM morphine | 10 min | Less in nasal (p<0.003) | |||
| 20 min | Less in nasal (p<0.002) | ||||
| 30 min | No significant difference | ||||
| Parental satisfaction | Greater in nasal (p<0.0001) | ||||
| Staff satisfaction | Greater in nasal (p<0.0001) | ||||
| Side effects | Nil serious reported |
