Introduction

Hospitals with overcrowded Emergency Departments (EDs) are overcrowded hospitals that have chosen to manifest the overcrowding in a single location. This choice is unfair on the acutely sick requiring hospital admission. The National Emergency Nurses Affiliation of Canada have referred to the practice of only allowing the ED to house additional patients as a ‘double standard’ and they have advocated that one possible solution to ED overcrowding is to distribute patients equally between all wards including the ED.1

Emergency Department overcrowding has been defined as an ED operating beyond its available capacity, which results in a situation where the demand for emergency services exceeds the ability of a department to provide quality care within acceptable time frames.2 There are a number of suggested means of measuring ED crowding including the Emergency Department Work Index, the National Emergency Department Overcrowding Scale, the Demand Value of the Real-time Emergency Analysis of Demand Indicators and the Work Score.2 3 The most simple to use crowding metric is the occupancy rate, which is defined as the total number of patients in the ED divided by the number of licensed beds/ED cubicles.4

There are multiple factors that contribute to ED crowding, and the relative contribution of each of these varies between EDs.5 Patient flow analysis can detect ED overcrowding and may help find appropriate solutions to reduce it.4 Access block, the inability to transfer emergency admitted patients to inpatient beds, is the single most important factor contributing to ED overcrowding.6