Sherwin TS et al, USA, 2000 | 104 children aged 1–15 years. 68% had orthopaedic injuries and 30% had wounds. | PRCT | Time to discharge | 96 min v 105 min (not significant) | Large age range. No data on IM ketamine use. |
| | | Adequacy of sedation | 64% v 61% (not significant) | Low power for low incidence complications. |
| Ketamine 1.5 mg/kg v ketamine 1.5 mg/kg plus midazolam 0.05 mg/kg 2 min later | | Emergence phenomena | No difference | |
Wathen JE et al, USA, 2000 | 266 patients aged 4 months to 18 years. 65% had fractures and 25% had lacerations. | PRCT | Distress (Observational score of behaviourial distress) | No difference | Large age range. No data on IM ketamine use. |
| | | | | Low power for low incidence complications. |
| Ketamine 1 mg/kg plus glycopyrrolate 5 microgram/kg (137) v Ketamine 1 mg/kg plus glycopyrrolate 5 microgram/kg plus midazolam 0.1 mg/kg | | Total sedation time | 78 min v 70 min (not significant) | |
| | | Adverse events | Less vomiting (19.4% v 9.6%) and nightmares (0% v 3.1%) with midazolam | |
| | | Physician satisfaction | No difference | |
| | | Parental satisfaction | No difference | |