Baseline characteristics of treatment groups
| Parameter | IVKM* | INM† | p‡ |
|---|---|---|---|
| *Intravenous ketamine plus midazolam group. †Intranasal midazolam group. ‡p Value >0.05 considered not statistically significant (NS). | |||
| Age (years (SD)) | 4.6 (2.9) | 3.5 (2.0) | NS |
| Weight (kg (SD)) | 20.4 (11.5) | 16.5 (3.8) | NS |
| Male sex (%) | 14/26 (54) | 15/26 (58) | NS |
| Indication for sedation | |||
| Laceration repair (%) | 14/26 (54) | 19/26 (73) | NS |
| Foreign body removal (%) | 10/26 (38) | 7/26 (27) | NS |
| Other (%) | 2/26 (8) | 0/26 (0) | NS |
| Lacerations | |||
| Location (% facial) | 9/14 (64) | 13/19 (68) | NS |
| Length (cm) | 2.8 (2.3) | 3.5 (2.1) | NS |
| Duration of procedure (min (SD)) | 14.2 (10.9) | 16.4 (13.8) | NS |
| Pulse rate (beat/min (SD)) | 103.2 (17.8) | 102.7 (14.2) | NS |
| Respiratory rate (min−1 (SD)) | 24.6 (5.8) | 26.5 (4.6) | 0.04 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg (SD)) | 79.8 (8.5) | 75.1 (11.0) | NS |
| Oxygen saturation (% (SD)) | 98.0 (0.8) | 97.7 (1.0) | NS |
| Pre-procedure sedation score (SD) | 3.8 (1.0) | 3.6 (0.8) | NS |
| Pre-procedure VASS score (SD) | 4.3 (3.2) | 5.5 (2.5) | NS |