Lawson RA et al, 1995, UK | Convienience sample of 94 children age 3–12 years undergoing pre-op cannulation | PRCT | Self reported absence of pain | 62% (34/55) v 32% (18/55) (p<0.05) | 40 minute application time for EMLA too short |
| Amethocaine v EMLA | | | | |
Van Kam HJM at al, 1997, Netherlands | Convienience sample of 68 children age 1–15 years undergoing cannulation or venepuncture | PRCT | Adequacy of analgesia reported by phlebotomists | 76% (26/34) v 97% (31/32) (p=0.02) | No standardised method of pain scoring. |
| Tetracaine v EMLA | | | | |
Romsing J et al, 1999, UK | Convienience sample of 60 children age 3–15 years undergoing pre-op cannulation | PRCT | Self reported pain score | Significantly lower in tetracaine group (p<0.05) | Variable time from removal to cannulation in tetracaine group. |
| Tetracaine v EMLA | | | | |
Choy L et al, 1999, UK | Convienience sample of 34 children aged over 1 year undergoing outpatient venepuncture | PRCT | Self reported pain score | No significant difference | Very small numbers and no power calculation |
| Amethocaine v EMLA | | Observational behaviour pain score | No significant difference | |
Arrowsmith J and Campbell C, 2000, UK | Convienience sample of 120 children age 1–15 years undergoing cannulation | PRCT | Observational behaviour pain score | 72% (43/60) nil or mild v 55% (33/60) | |
| Amethocaine v EMLA | | | | |