Needham GR, 1985, USA | 29 American dog ticks and 22 lone star ticks attached to a female Dorset sheep | Experimental | Ease of removal and retained mouthparts. Testing with petroleum jelly, nail polish, 70% isopropyl alcohol and hot match (passive removal) and clockwise pull or straight pull with quick or steady even pressure (mechanical) | Failure of removal with passive methods. Removal with mechanical method steady even pressure most likely to give intact removal | Statistical significance not assessed |
De Boer R and van den Bogaard AE, 1993, Netherlands | Ixodes Ricinus attached to the skin of pigs and sheep | Experimental | Ease of removal, retained mouthparts. Testing with gasoline, nail polish and methylated spirit or by straight pull or rotation around axis | Failure of removal by chemical methods within 30 minutes. Straight pull less likely to leave mouthparts than rotation (0.01<p<0.02) | |