Robinson and Mitchell 1993 | Evaluation questionnaire | 288 emergency, welfare and hospital workers | 60% | Evaluation of debriefings in Dec 1987–Aug 1989 | Biased tool used to evaluate impact—no negative values included. Average impact of events at time was moderate to considerable. Both groups (emergency service personnel and welfare/hospital workers) showed a significant lowering of impact at the time of the post evaluation debriefing. |
Hutt 1996 | Questionnaire | Two comparison groups: 34 emergency workers who had been debriefed, 19 who had not been debriefed | 100% | All measures collected in one data collection phase | No significant differences between the groups, mean scores very similar. |
Jenkins 1996 | Semi-structured interview, incident, social support, Symptom Checklist 90-R, psychosomatic distress | n=36 (EMTs, paramedics and fire fighters) | 87% (Phase 1) | T1=8th–10th day after incident from 3 successive 24 hour shifts. T2=one month follow up from 29th–31st day after incident. | Very small sample. Strongest recovery effects from anxiety and depression were seen in CISD participation group. CISD non-participants were significantly more likely to be married. |