Other agents
| Group | Agents | Population | Score | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Likert scale is a 7 point pain scale. | ||||
| Smith et al29 | 3 ml tetralidophen (TLP) (1% lidocaine, 2.5% phenylephrine, 1% tetracaine) v 1% lidocaine infiltration. Solution applied for 20 minutes. | Children over 1 year Wound <5 cm on or near mucous membrane. 45 Lido 45 TLP | VAS of procedure by suturer, observer, video observer, patient and parent. Likert scale by all except patient | VAS scores of suturers, observers and video observers higher with TLP than lido. Trend favouring lido from scores by patient and parent. Likert scores of suturers, observers, video observers and parents favour lido. |
| Wase et al30 | Up to 5 ml of XAP (1% lidocaine, 1/4000 norepinephrine, 0.5% tetracaine). Applied for up to 20 minutes. | ‘Minor lacerations’ 192 XAP. No controls | Infiltration rate | 16% required infiltration. |
| Zempsky et al31 | 3 ml TAC v 5 g EMLA cream (2.5% lidocaine, 2.5% prilocaine). TAC applied for up to 30 minutes, EMLA for up to 60 minutes. | Children 5–18 years. Extremity lacerations <5 cm. 16 TAC 16 EMLA | VAS of procedure by suturer, patient, parent. | 55% of TAC wounds required infiltration, 15% of EMLA (p=0.03) No significant difference of VAS scores by any group. |
| Smith et al32 | 3 ml prilophen (3.56% prilocaine, 1/1000 phenylephrine) v 1% lidocaine infiltration. Solution applied for 20 minutes. | Children over 1 year. Wound <5 cm on or near mucous membrane. 20 Lido 20 Prilophen | VAS for suturing by suturer, observer, video observer, parent and patients >5 years. | VAS scores lower with lidocaine than prilophen by suturers (p=0.003) and video observer (p=0.02). No difference with observer, patient or parent. No significant difference in the additional infiltration rate, 1 lido, 3 prilophen (p=0.60). |
| Smith et al8 | 3 ml mepivanor (2% mepivacaine, 1/100000 norepinephrine) v 3 ml TAC v 1% lidocaine infiltration. Solution applied for 20 minutes. | Children 2 years and older. Wound <5 cm on face or scalp. 23 Lido 24 TAC 24 Mepivanor | VAS for suturing by suturer, observer, video observer, parent and patient. Likert score for suturing by parent and suturers. | VAS scores lower with lidocaine or TAC than with mepivanor by suturers and observers No difference with video observer, patient or parent. Likert scores by parents were higher with mepivanor than with lidocaine or TAC (p=0.02) |