Respiratory compromise (shortness of breath, wheeze, stridor) | Asthma, COPD, inhaled foreign body, pulmonary embolism |
Loss of consciousness (LOC) | Vasovagal reaction, seizures, cardiac event (for example, arrhythmia) |
Hypotension | Vasovagal reaction, shock (cardiogenic/septic/hypovolaemic) |
Collapse | As for hypotension/LOC plus panic attack, hyperventilation syndrome, Munchausen’s syndrome |
Cutaneous skin flushing | Vasovagal reaction, carcinoid syndrome, postmenopausal flushing |
Gastrointestinal (diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting) | Hereditary angio-neurotic oedema (HANE), food poisoning |