| n (%) | |
| Age, years | |
| Mean, range | 8.1 (1.3–17.9) |
| Median, IQR | 8.3 (4.9–11.0) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 80 (64.5) |
| ASA status§ | |
| 1 and 2 | 118 (95.9) |
| 3 | 5 (4.1) |
| Percentage of N2O* | |
| 70 | 100 (80.6) |
| 60 | 6 (4.8) |
| 50 | 18 (14.5) |
| Adjunctive agents† | |
| N2O alone | 109 (87.9) |
| Codeine | 15 (12.1) |
| Primary procedures | |
| Laceration repair | 37 (29.8) |
| Fracture reduction | 31 (25) |
| Intravenous line insertion | 15 (12.1) |
| Plaster/backslab | 15 (12.1) |
| Relocation joint | 8 (6.4) |
| Removal of foreign body | 7 (5.6) |
| Removal of plaster, suture | 3 (2.4) |
| Abscess drainage | 3 (2.4) |
| Wound debridement | 1 (0.8) |
| Joint aspiration | 1 (0.8) |
| Other | 3 (2.4) |
| Sedation depthठ| |
| 0 | 1 (0.8) |
| 2 | 1 (0.8) |
| 3 | 6 (4.9) |
| 4 | 52 (42.3) |
| 5 | 58 (47.1) |
| 6 | 5 (4.1) |
| Adverse events | |
| None | 103 (83.1) |
| Vomiting | 7 (5.6) |
| Dizziness | 5 (4.0) |
| Nausea | 4 (3.2) |
| Agitation/hallucination | 2 (1.6) |
| Other | 3 (2.4) |
*Highest nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration administered.
†Adjunctive agents: codeine (alone or in combination with paracetamol) if given within 2 h before sedation.
‡Sedation depth (see Methods).
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; ED, emergency department; PSA, procedural sedation and analgesia.
§One missing.