n (%) | |
Age, years | |
Mean, range | 8.1 (1.3–17.9) |
Median, IQR | 8.3 (4.9–11.0) |
Sex | |
Male | 80 (64.5) |
ASA status§ | |
1 and 2 | 118 (95.9) |
3 | 5 (4.1) |
Percentage of N2O* | |
70 | 100 (80.6) |
60 | 6 (4.8) |
50 | 18 (14.5) |
Adjunctive agents† | |
N2O alone | 109 (87.9) |
Codeine | 15 (12.1) |
Primary procedures | |
Laceration repair | 37 (29.8) |
Fracture reduction | 31 (25) |
Intravenous line insertion | 15 (12.1) |
Plaster/backslab | 15 (12.1) |
Relocation joint | 8 (6.4) |
Removal of foreign body | 7 (5.6) |
Removal of plaster, suture | 3 (2.4) |
Abscess drainage | 3 (2.4) |
Wound debridement | 1 (0.8) |
Joint aspiration | 1 (0.8) |
Other | 3 (2.4) |
Sedation depth‡§ | |
0 | 1 (0.8) |
2 | 1 (0.8) |
3 | 6 (4.9) |
4 | 52 (42.3) |
5 | 58 (47.1) |
6 | 5 (4.1) |
Adverse events | |
None | 103 (83.1) |
Vomiting | 7 (5.6) |
Dizziness | 5 (4.0) |
Nausea | 4 (3.2) |
Agitation/hallucination | 2 (1.6) |
Other | 3 (2.4) |
*Highest nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration administered.
†Adjunctive agents: codeine (alone or in combination with paracetamol) if given within 2 h before sedation.
‡Sedation depth (see Methods).
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; ED, emergency department; PSA, procedural sedation and analgesia.
§One missing.