Performance of the ICMED against clinician perception of crowding
| Sensitivity (95% CI) | Specificity (95% CI) | Positive predictive value (95% CI) | Negative predictive value (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ambulance offload | 55.9 (45.3 to 66.5) | 90.0 (83.6 to 96.4) | 79.2 (70.5 to 87.9) | 75.0 (65.7 to 84.3) |
| Nurse triage | 70.6 (60.8 to 80.3) | 76.0 (66.9 to 85.1) | 66.7 (56.6 to 76.8) | 79.2 (70.5 to 87.9) |
| Occupancy | 55.9 (45.3 to 66.5) | 78.0 (69.1 to 86.9) | 63.3 (53.0 to 73.6) | 72.2 (62.6 to 81.8) |
| Total stay | 44.1 (33.5 to 54.7) | 100.0 (88.8 to 100) | 100.0 (78.2 to 100) | 72.5 (62.9 to 82.0) |
| ED boarding time | 55.9 (45.3 to 66.5) | 100.0 (88.8 to 100) | 100.0 (82.4 to 100) | 76.9 (67.9 to 85.9) |
| Time to see a physician | 32.4 (22.4 to 42.4) | 84.0 (76.2 to 91.8) | 58.0 (47.3 to 68.5) | 64.6 (54.4 to 74.8) |
| Patient boarding | 85.3 (77.7 to 92.9) | 70.0 (60.2 to 79.8) | 65.9 (55.8 to 76.1) | 87.5 (80.4 to 94.6) |
| One violation | 100.0 (89.7 to 100) | 38.0 (27.6 to 48.4) | 52.3 (41.6 to 63.0) | 100.0 (82.4 to 100) |
| Two violations | 100.0 (89.7 to 100) | 60.0 (49.5 to 70.5) | 63.0 (62.6 to 73.3) | 100.0 (88.4 to 100) |
| Three violations | 91.2 (85.1 to 97.2) | 100.0 (92.9 to 100) | 100.0 (88.8 to 100) | 94.3 (89.4 to 99.3) |
| Four violations | 50.0 (39.3 to 60.7) | 100.0 (88.8 to 100) | 100.0 (80.5 to 100) | 74.6 (65.3 to 83.9) |
| Five violations | 26.5 (17.0 to 35.9) | 100.0 (88.8 to 100) | 100.0 (66.4 to 100) | 66.7 (56.6 to 76.8) |
| Six violations | 23.5 (14.5 to 32.6) | 100.0 (88.8 to 100) | 100.0 (63.1 to 100) | 65.8 (55.6 to 75.9) |
| Seven violations | 8.8 (2.8 to 14.9) | 100.0 (88.8 to 100) | 100.0 (29.2 to 100) | 61.7 (51.3 to 72.1) |
ICMED, International Crowding Measure in Emergency Departments.