Performance of the ICMED against clinician perception of danger
| Sensitivity (95% CI) | Specificity (95% CI) | Positive predictive value (95% CI) | Negative predictive value (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ambulance offload | 46.2 (35.5 to 56.8) | 74.7 (65.3 to 83.9) | 25.0 (15.7 to 34.3) | 88.3 (81.5 to 95.2) |
| Nurse triage | 76.9 (63.4 to 53.1) | 63.4 (53.1 to 73.7) | 27.8 (18.6 to 37.4) | 93.8 (88.6 to 98.9) |
| Occupancy | 84.6 (76.9 to 92.3) | 73.2 (63.8 to 82.7) | 36.7 (26.4 to 47.0) | 96.3 (92.3 to 100.0) |
| Total stay | 53.9 (43.2 to 64.5) | 88.7 (43.2 to 64.5) | 46.7 (36.0 to 57.3) | 91.3 (85.3 to 97.3) |
| ED boarding time | 53.9 (43.2 to 64.5) | 83.1 (75.1 to 91.1) | 36.8 (26.5 to 47.2) | 90.8 (84.6 to 97.0) |
| Time to see a physician | 46.2 (35.5 to 56.8) | 81.7 (73.4 to 90.0) | 31.6 (21.6 to 41.5) | 89.2 (82.6 to 95.9) |
| Patient boarding | 76.9 (67.9 to 85.9) | 52.1 (41.4 to 62.8) | 22.7 (13.8 to 31.7) | 92.5 (86.9 to 98.1) |
| One violation | 92.3 (86.6 to 98.0) | 23.4 (16.1 to 34.7) | 18.5 (10.2 to 26.8) | 94.7 (89.0 to 99.5) |
| Two violations | 92.3 (86.6 to 98.0) | 40.9 (30.3 to 51.4) | 22.2 (13.3 to 31.1) | 96.7 (92.8 to 100) |
| Three violations | 61.5 (51.1 to 71.9) | 67.6 (57.6 to 77.6) | 25.8 (16.5 to 35.2) | 90.6 (84.3 to 96.8) |
| Four violations | 61.5 (51.1 to 71.9) | 87.3 (80.2 to 94.4) | 47.1 (36.4 to 57.7) | 92.5 (86.9 to 98.2) |
| Five violations | 53.9 (43.2 to 64.5) | 97.2 (93.6 to 100.0) | 77.8 (68.9 to 86.7) | 92.0 (86.2 to 97.8) |
| Six violations | 53.9 (43.2 to 64.5) | 98.6 (96.1 to 100.0) | 87.5 (80.4 to 94.6) | 92.1 (86.3 to 97.9) |
| Seven violations | 23.1 (14.1 to 32.1) | 100.0 (94.9 to 100) | 100.0 (29.2 to 100.0) | 87.7 (80.6 to 94.7) |
ICMED, International Crowding Measure in Emergency Departments.