Route of exposure |
Ingestion | 69 | 53 (44 to 61) | 2 | 11 (2 to 36) |
Insufflation | 42 | 32 (24 to 41) | 5 | 28 (11 to 54) |
Parenteral | 2 | 2 (0 to 6) | 0 | 0 (0 to 22) |
Other/multiple | 2 | 2 (0 to 6) | 2 | 11 (2 to 36) |
Not known | 16 | 12 (5 to 16) | 9 | 50 (26 to 73) |
|
Clinical features |
Agitation, aggression | 32 | 24 (18 to 33) | 9 | 50 (26 to 73) |
Tachycardia | 29 | 22 (16 to 30) | 7 | 39 (18 to 64) |
Anxiety | 19 | 15 (9 to 22) | 3 | 17 (4 to 42) |
Confusion, psychosis | 18 | 14 (9 to 21) | 3 | 17 (4 to 42) |
Chest pain | 17 | 13 (8 to 20) | 5 | 28 (11 to 54) |
No features | 17 | 13 (8 to 20) | 3 | 17 (4 to 42) |
Nausea | 15 | 11 (7 to 18) | 4 | 22 (7 to 48) |
Palpitations | 14 | 11 (6 to 18) | 5 | 28 (11 to 54) |
Fever, sweating | 12 | 9 (5 to 16) | 2 | 11 (2 to 36) |
Breathlessness | 11 | 8 (4 to 15) | 2 | 11 (2 to 36) |
Dizziness | 10 | 8 (4 to 14) | 2 | 11 (2 to 36) |
Peripheral vasoconstriction | 10 | 8 (4 to 14) | 1 | 6 (3 to 29) |
Mydriasis | 9 | 7 (3 to 13) | 2 | 11 (2 to 36) |
Skin changes, rash | 9 | 7 (3 to 13) | 1 | 6 (3 to 29) |
Headache | 7 | 5 (2 to 11) | 3 | 17 (4 to 42) |
Reduced level of consciousness | 7 | 5 (2 to 11) | 4 | 22 (7 to 48) |
Abdominal pain | 6 | 5 (2 to 10) | 2 | 11 (2 to 36) |
Hypertension | 5 | 4 (1 to 9) | 0 | 0 (0 to 22) |
Parasthesiae | 5 | 4 (1 to 9) | 0 | 0 (0 to 22) |
Insomnia | 5 | 4 (1 to 9) | 0 | 0 (0 to 22) |
Convulsions | 4 | 3 (1 to 8) | 2 | 11 (2 to 36) |
Loin pain | 4 | 3 (1 to 8) | 1 | 6 (3 to 29) |
Tongue disorder | 4 | 3 (1 to 8) | 0 | 0 (0 to 22) |
Myoclonus/abnormal movements | 3 | 2 (1 to 7) | 2 | 11 (2 to 36) |
Tremor | 3 | 2 (1 to 7) | 2 | 11 (2 to 36) |
ECG abnormal | 3 | 2 (1 to 7) | 0 | 0 (0 to 22) |
Local effects (mouth/pharynx) | 3 | 2 (1 to 7) | 0 | 0 (0 to 22) |
Dystonic reaction | 2 | 2 (1 to 7) | 0 | 0 (0 to 22) |
Abnormal vision | 2 | 2 (1 to 7) | 1 | 6 (3 to 29) |
Liver function tests abnormal | 2 | 2 (1 to 7) | 0 | 0 (0 to 22) |
Raised creatine kinase | 1 | 1 (0 to 4) | 3 | 17 (4 to 42) |
Acidosis | 1 | 1 (0 to 4) | 1 | 6 (3 to 29) |
Epistaxis | 1 | 1 (0 to 4) | 1 | 6 (3 to 29) |
Renal function abnormal | 1 | 1 (0 to 4) | 0 | 0 (0 to 22) |
Death | 1 | 1 (0 to 4) | 0 | 0 (0 to 22) |
|
Persistence of symptoms after exposure |
>24 h | 59 | 45 (36 to 54) | 4 | 22 (7 to 48) |
>48 h | 39 | 30 (22 to 38) | 1 | 6 (3 to 29) |