Sedatives used in patients undergoing procedural sedation in the ED (n=1711*)
| Propofol n=1074 | Midazolam n=499 | Esketamine n=129 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n† | n† | n† | ||||
| Median age (IQR) | 1074 | 55.5 (38–73) | 499 | 69 (54–84) | 129 | 48 (32.5–63.5) |
| Median total dose, mg/kg (IQR) | 942 | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 413 | 0.06 (0.04–0.08) | 108 | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) |
| Median sedation duration, minutes (IQR) | 631 | 15 (11–19) | 175 | 25 (12.5–37.5) | 40 | 25 (16–34) |
| ASA sedation deep or higher‡, % (95% CI) | 691 | 43.1 (39.5 to 46.9) | 288 | 21.5 (17.2 to 26.6) | 71 | 77.5 (66.5 to 85.6)‡ |
| Opioid coanalgesia, % (95% CI) | 1074 | 84.2 (81.9 to 86.2) | 499 | 87.6 (84.4 to 90.2) | 129 | 12.4 (7.8 to 19.2) |
| Esketamine coanalgesia, % (95% CI) | 1074 | 2.0 (1.4 to 3.1) | 499 | 0 (0 to 0.8) | 129 | 0 (0 to 3.9) |
| Adverse events, % (95% CI) | 1074 | 10.7 (9.0 to 12.7) | 499 | 10.8 (8.4 to 13.9) | 129 | 9.3 (5.3 to 15.7) |
| Amnesia, % (95% CI) | 677 | 83.9 (80.9 to 86.5) | 179 | 78.8 (72.2 to 84.2) | 63 | 90.5 (80.4 to 95.9) |
| Success of procedure, % (95% CI) | 1051 | 93.1 (91.5 to 94.5) | 483 | 84.1 (80.5 to 87.1) | 125 | 88.0 (81.0 to 92.7) |
*Nine cases received other sedatives: etomidate (2), diazepam (1), other (1), missing (5); due to low numbers, these were not included in this table.
†Due to missing data, this is the total number of cases included in the analysis of this variable (denominator).
‡For esketamine: proportion of dissociated patients (instead of ASA levels of sedation).
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.