Susceptibility of HIV to inactivation by disinfectants and ultraviolet light

doi:10.1016/S0195-6701(95)90312-7

Journal of Hospital Infection

Volume 30, Issue 3, July 1995, Pages 167-180

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-6701(95)90312-7 Get rights and content

Abstract

Assays were developed to assess a variety of conditions and presentations of infectious HIV to potential inactivating sources. A range of commercially available disinfectants with active constituents including glutaraldehyde, chlorine, phenolics, alcohol, iodine and quaternary ammonium compounds was tested. In addition, u.v. light was investigated as a potential inactivating source. All products were assessed against cell-free HIV in culture medium and cell-associated HIV suspended in medium or whole human blood. All products completely inactivated cell-free HIV following a 1 min exposure. However, cell-associated HIV was more resilient, requiring exposure of 5 min or more for some disinfectants. The effectiveness of the disinfectants was further compromised in the presence of blood.

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Disinfection of fabrics and carpets artificially contaminated with calicivirus: relevance in institutional and healthcare centres
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Therefore, methods for disinfecting carpets and fabrics contaminated with NoVs must receive high priority in an effort to control the spread of these pathogens. The carrier method of disinfectant testing used in this study has been shown to be a reliable predictor of the behaviour and activity of disinfectants in practice,24,27 while the suspension method is reported to overestimate the efficacy of the disinfectants.28,29 The present study evaluated five different disinfectants against FCV.
Fabrics and carpets are used widely as surface coverings or linens in healthcare settings and are prone to contamination with infectious agents such as noroviruses (NoVs). Laundering, water cleaning and vacuuming are considered to be adequate for routine cleaning of these materials, but no standard procedure for their disinfection is available in case of contamination. Testing disinfectants for their efficacy against NoVs is difficult because these viruses cannot be cultivated in vitro. Therefore, feline calicivirus (FCV) has gained acceptance as a surrogate model for NoVs in disinfectant efficacy testing. The present study evaluated five disinfectants against FCV on various fabrics or carpets. FCV was dried on fabrics and carpets, followed by treatment with a given disinfectant for a defined contact time of 1, 5 or 10 min. The surviving virus was then eluted and titrated in Crandell-Reese feline kidney cells to determine virus inactivation. A disinfectant was considered to be effective if it inactivated at least 99% of the applied virus. Metricide, an activated dialdehyde-based product, was found to be the most effective disinfectant on all types of fabric and carpet, inactivating more than 99.99% of the virus in 1–10 min. In general, effectiveness of disinfectants increased with an increase in exposure time from 1 to 10 min. The disinfection of carpets was more difficult than the disinfection of fabrics; 100% polyester was the least amenable to disinfection. Only Metricide and Microbac-II (a phenolic compound) were able to inactivate 99% of FCV on 100% polyester. In summary, activated dialdehyde was found to be uniformly active against FCV on all types of material tested.
Comparative efficacy of ethanol and isopropanol against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate
2006, American Journal of Infection Control
Citation Excerpt :
In the carrier test, the surface is artificially contaminated with virus followed by its drying, whereas, in the suspension test, both disinfectant and virus remain in liquid phase while in contact. The carrier test has been reported to be a better predictor of the behavior and activity of disinfectants than the suspension method.43,46 Alcohols have been used as antiseptics for centuries against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses.52,53
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Norwalk and Norwalk virus-like particles (NVLPs) [also known as small round structured viruses (SRSVs)] are members of the family Caliciviridae and are important causes of gastroenteritis in humans. Little is known about their survival in the environment or the disinfection procedures necessary to remove them from contaminated settings. As NVLPs cannot be grown in tissue culture, survival studies require the use of a closely related cultivable virus. This study assesses the survival of the surrogate feline calicivirus (FCV) after exposure to commercially available disinfectants and a range of environmental conditions. Disinfectants tested included glutaraldehyde, iodine, hypochlorite, a quaternary ammonium-based product, an anionic detergent and ethanol. Complete inactivation of FCV required exposure to 1000 ppm freshly reconstituted granular hypochlorite, or 5000 ppm pre-reconstituted hypochlorite solution. Glutaraldehyde and the iodine-based product effectively inactivated FCV whereas the quaternary ammonium product, detergent and ethanol failed to completely inactivate the virus. The stability of FCV in suspension and in a dried state was assessed after exposure to 4°C, room temperature (20°C) and 37°C. With increasing temperature, the stability of FCV was found to diminish both in suspension and in the dried state. FCV in the dried state did not survive for one day at 37°C. This study provides a basis for establishing guidelines for disinfection protocols to decrease the spread of NVLPs in a community setting.
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Original articleSusceptibility of HIV to inactivation by disinfectants and ultraviolet light

Abstract

J Virol Methods

J Hosp Infect

J Hosp Infect

Chemical inactivation of HIV on surfaces

BMJ

Chemical inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro

J Virol Methods

Lymphoid organs function as major reservoirs for human immunodeficiency virus

Original article
Susceptibility of HIV to inactivation by disinfectants and ultraviolet light