Figures
Abstract
Background
Increased mortality following hospitalisation for stroke has been reported from many but not all studies that have investigated a ‘weekend effect’ for stroke. However, it is not known whether the weekend effect is affected by factors including hospital size, season and patient distance from hospital.
Objective
To assess changes over time in mortality following hospitalisation for stroke and how any increased mortality for admissions on weekends is related to factors including the size of the hospital, seasonal factors and distance from hospital.
Methods
A population study using person linked inpatient, mortality and primary care data for stroke from 2004 to 2012. The outcome measures were, firstly, mortality at seven days and secondly, mortality at 30 days and one year.
Results
Overall mortality for 37 888 people hospitalised following stroke was 11.6% at seven days, 21.4% at 30 days and 37.7% at one year. Mortality at seven and 30 days fell significantly by 1.7% and 3.1% per annum respectively from 2004 to 2012. When compared with week days, mortality at seven days was increased significantly by 19% for admissions on weekends, although the admission rate was 21% lower on weekends. Although not significant, there were indications of increased mortality at seven days for weekend admissions during winter months (31%), in community (81%) rather than large hospitals (8%) and for patients resident furthest from hospital (32% for distances of >20 kilometres). The weekend effect was significantly increased (by 39%) for strokes of ‘unspecified’ subtype.
Conclusions
Mortality following stroke has fallen over time. Mortality was increased for admissions at weekends, when compared with normal week days, but may be influenced by a higher stroke severity threshold for admission on weekends. Other than for unspecified strokes, we found no significant variation in the weekend effect for hospital size, season and distance from hospital.
Citation: Roberts SE, Thorne K, Akbari A, Samuel DG, Williams JG (2015) Mortality following Stroke, the Weekend Effect and Related Factors: Record Linkage Study. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0131836. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131836
Editor: Koustuv Dalal, Örebro University, SWEDEN
Received: February 4, 2015; Accepted: June 6, 2015; Published: June 29, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Roberts et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust [Grant No: 093564/Z/10/Z]. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not those of the funding body. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Many studies that have investigated mortality following stroke according to the week day of admission have reported increased mortality on weekends [1–10], although other studies have found no increased mortality [11–21]. Possible reasons for the so called ‘weekend effect’ on mortality include a higher stroke severity threshold for admission on weekends, with milder strokes less often admitted [9,10], delays in investigations, treatment or access to specialist stroke services [6,9,22], reduced medical cover or staffing [4,21] and differences in the levels of patient co-morbidities among patients admitted on weekends and weekdays [3,7,10].
There have been major improvements over time in stroke services in the UK, assisted by findings from successive rounds of major national audits of stroke care run by the Royal College of Physicians since 1998 [23], and 2010 [9,24], and also following national clinical guidelines for stroke published in 2012 [25]. However, it is not clear as to how any reductions in stroke mortality may alter any 'weekend effect' on stroke mortality. Little is also known about the whether any weekend effect may be influenced by environental factors including, firstly, the size of the admitting hospital with possible variation in senior consultant and staffing cover at weekends [26]. Secondly, seasonal factors such as winter months which can impact on inpatient resources through seasonal increases in admissions for illnesses including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,[27,28] respiratory infections [4,28,29] and norovirus [30]. Thirdly, the distance travelled to hospital by patients which could lead to delays in clinical investigations or treatment [31]. This study was designed to address this lack of evidence on the weekend effect.
The main objectives of this study were firstly to establish any changes over time in mortality following stroke. Secondly, whether there is increased mortality for admissions on weekends and public holidays when compared with week days and whether any 'weekend effect' on mortality has changed over time. Thirdly, whether any weekend effect may be related to factors including the size of the hospital, seasonal factors and distance from hospital.
Methods
Study design and setting
To investigate mortality following stroke, we used systematic record linkage of national inpatient, mortality and primary care data. The hospital inpatient data (Patient Episode Database for Wales) includes abstracts of inpatient admissions to all public National Health Service (NHS) hospitals across Wales, UK (population 3.07 million in 2012). The inpatient data were systematically linked together to enable subsequent admissions for the same people to be determined. They were also linked to national mortality data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and the NHS Welsh Administrative Register to identify all deaths that occurred following discharge from hospital as well as deaths that occurred as inpatients. Additionally, to identify patient co-morbidities from primary care as well as inpatient care, the inpatient and mortality data were also record linked to data available from 35% of all general practices across Wales during the entire study period.
The record linked inpatient, mortality and primary care data in this study are held as part of the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank and CIPHER (Centre for Improvement in Population Health through E-records Research), a component of the MRC Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research. As described and validated previously, the record linkage, principal inpatient diagnoses and mortality ascertainment have been validated previously and have been shown to be respectively >99.8%, >90% and >98% accurate [32–34].
Ethics statement
Ethical approval and patient consent for the study was not required (as advised by the National Research Ethics Service (NRES) as the study data are fully anonymised. Study approval was obtained instead from the Information Governance Review Panel (IGRP) which is represented by NRES, the British Medical Association Ethics Advisor, the Caldicott Guardian and NHS Wales Informatics Service. The study data are publicly available to other researchers.
Study inclusion and exclusion criteria
The study cohort included inpatient admissions where stroke was recorded as the principal diagnosis on the discharge record, from January 1st 2004 to December 31st 2011, with follow up to December 31st 2012. The study included each person's first admission for stroke during the study period, followed them up for 365 days and included subsequent admissions for stroke provided they occurred at least 365 days after the preceding admission. Our study cohort should not be affected substantially by attrition over the one-year follow-up, as annual population emigration from Wales varied between 2.1% and 2.7% during the study period [35], and is lower among older people who are most often affected by stroke [35]. The International Classification of Diseases tenth revision (ICD-10) codes used for stroke were I61-I64.
Week day of admission for stroke
Mortality according to the day of admission was assessed, firstly, by comparing mortality for admissions on weekends (Saturday 00:00 hours to Sunday 23:59 hrs) and public holidays (eight days each year) with normal weekdays (Monday 00:00 hours to Friday 23:59 hours) and, secondly, across each day of the week.
Exposure measures
Study exposure measures or variables that may affect a possible weekend effect on mortality include the size of the admitting hospital [26], seasonal factors [4,27–30] and distance from hospital [31]. Hospital size was based on the total number of beds and defined as 'small' (100–399 beds), 'medium' (400–599 beds), 'large' including teaching hospitals (600+ beds) and other small ‘community’ or cottage hospitals (<100 beds).
Seasonal factors were assessed by comparing mortality during winter (December to February), spring (March to May), summer (June to August) and autumn (September to November). Distances from patients' residences to main hospitals (small to large) were measured in four categories; <5 kilometers (km), 5–9.99 km, 10–19.99 km and 20+ km and also as median distances.
Social deprivation was measured using the widely used Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) 2008 version [36], which is similar to the English Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) [37]. It includes seven domains of deprivation, ‘income’, ‘employment’, ‘education’, ‘health’, ‘access to services’, ‘housing’, ‘physical environment’ and ‘community safety’. The total WIMD deprivation scores for 1896 geographical Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs) (average LSOA population = 1580), were ranked and categorised into quintiles (I = least deprived and V = most deprived quintile) [36]. Stroke subtype was based on the principal diagnosis at discharge using the following ICD-10 codes; cerebral infarction (I63), intracerebral haemorrhage (I61), other non-traumatic intracranial haemorrhage (I62) and stroke, unspecified (I64).
Patient mortality was adjusted for 11 major patient co-morbidities, based on diagnoses recorded in any diagnostic position during the patient’s current inpatient admission or from admissions or primary care consultations during the previous five years. The 11 patient co-morbidities were ischaemic heart disease, other cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, other circulatory diseases, malignancies, liver disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes, renal failure and dementia.
Outcome measures and statistical analysis
The main study outcome measure was mortality at seven days following admission. Secondary outcome measures were mortality at 30 days and one year. Mortality rates were calculated using the numbers of admissions for stroke as the denominators and the numbers of deaths (from all causes) as the numerators.
Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess changes over time in mortality following stroke and to determine the influence of each of the study exposure factors on any 'weekend effect'. Analyses were adjusted for patient age group, sex and the 11 major patient co-morbidities. To eliminate any possible biases in the determination of patient co-morbidities from inpatient admissions and primary care consultations, we also adjusted for patients with no previous inpatient admissions or primary care consultations. Interaction effects on mortality between weekend admissions and the study factors were also investigated through logistic regression. There were no missing data for any of the study variables, except social deprivation (available for all 36 974 people who were resident in Wales; 97.6% of all cases) and distance from hospital (available for all 35 627 or 94.0% of people who were both resident in Wales and admitted to a main hospital). The 'missing cases' were excluded from the logistic regression modeling for, respectively, social deprivation and distance to hospital. Other statistical methods include the t-test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the chi square test to compare the baseline characteristics of patients who were admitted for stroke on weekends, public holidays and week days. Significance was measured, firstly, at the conventional 5% level and, secondly, after applying a Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing.
Results
Of 37 888 people hospitalised for stroke, a majority (53%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 75.7 years (SD = 12.7; range = 18–109 years). Table 1 provides baseline summary characteristics of the patients who were admitted on normal week days, on weekends and public holidays. These three patient groups were similar in terms of their demographics, social deprivation, season and time period of admission, length of inpatient stay and patient co-morbidities (Table 1).
On weekends, compared with normal weekdays, stroke patients were more often admitted to small and medium size hospitals rather than large hospitals (p<0.001), were less frequently managed first by stroke or geriatric medicine specialties (p<0.001). The overall admission rate for stroke was higher on normal week days (111 per 100 000 population; 95% CI = 110–113) than on weekends (88; 86–90) and public holidays (95; 88–102).
Mortality following stroke
Overall mortality following stroke during the nine year study period was 11.6% at seven days, 21.4% at 30 days and 37.7% at one year. Mortality at seven days fell by 14% from 2004 to 2012 (mean annual reduction = 1.7% (95% CI = 0.3%-3.0%) and mortality at 30 days fell by 25% (mean annual reduction = 3.1%; 2.0%-4.1%).
Mortality for admissions on weekends
For admissions on weekends, compared with admissions on normal weekdays, mortality adjusted for patient demographics and co-morbidities was increased by 19% (95% CI = 10%-29%) at seven days and by 15% (8%-22%) at 30 days (Table 2). Adjusting also for the size of the hospital and the specialty of the first consultant reduced the weekend effect a little, but not significantly, at seven days (increased by 15%; 7%-23%) and at 30 days (12%; 6%-19%).
For admissions on public holidays, compared with normal week days, adjusted mortality was increased by 24% (0%-54%) at seven days and by 34% (12%-59%) at 30 days. Mortality was highest for admissions on Sundays, followed by admissions on Saturdays (Table 2).
Factors that may increase mortality for weekend admissions
When assessing how the study factors may influence or modify the weekend effect on mortality, formal interaction testing showed that the only factor with significant variation in mortality was stroke subtype (p = 0.009 for mortality at seven days and p = 0.021 for mortality at 30 days). Compared with cerebral infarction admissions on weekends, mortality for unspecified stroke admissions on weekends was increased significantly by 32% at seven days and by 21% at 30 days.
Of the other study factors, the increased mortality at seven days for admissions on weekends was apparent for both male and female patients (23% increase for men and 18% for women; Table 3). The weekend effect was evident for all patient age groups of 65+ years and fell slightly but non-significantly to 14% during the most recent study years from 2009 to 2011 (Table 3).
Mortality was lower in the hospital that provided a formal stroke unit throughout the study period (6.8%; 95% CI = 5.7%-8.0%) than in all other main hospitals: mortality was 9.5% (8.1%-11.1%) in the hospital with the next lowest mortality. There was evidence of higher mortality for weekend admissions for this hospital (23% increase) and for all others (20%) with no significant variation in the weekend effect.
The weekend effect on mortality was highest in community hospitals (81% increase and lowest in large hospitals (8% increase) although with relatively few admissions to community hospitals there was no significant variation according to hospital size. Although not significant, the weekend effect was also slightly stronger during the winter months (31%) compared with spring (11%), summer (17%) and autumn (18%), for patients resident furthest from hospital (≥20 km, 32% increase) and for patients who were moderately affluent, social deprivation quintile II (45%). There were also highly significant associations (p<0.001) between social deprivation, patient distance from hospital and the size of the hospital.
After applying a Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing, the weekend effect at seven days was still significant for the following: all stroke patients, patients aged 65–84 years, male and female patients, admissions from 2006 to 2008, winter admissions, social deprivation quintile II, hospitals with no formal stroke unit and unspecified stroke subtype (Table 3).
Discussion
The study shows that mortality following stroke has fallen strongly over time. Mortality was increased for admissions at weekends, when compared with normal week days, but may be influenced by a higher stroke severity threshold for admission on weekends, especially as the admission rate was substantially lower on weekends. This study was designed to establish how any increased mortality for weekend admissions may be affected by several factors. Although there were some indications that the weekend effect on mortality at seven days was higher during the winter months, in community hospitals rather than in large hospitals and for stroke patients who were resident furthest from hospital, these differences were not significant.
The increased mortality for weekend admissions of 19% at seven days is very similar to a corresponding figure of 18% reported nationally across England during the 12 month period from April 2009 to March 2010 [6] and our increased weekend mortality of 16% at 30 days is also similar to 14% reported from the 130 hospitals across England included in a recent national audit from 2010 to 2012 [9].
Although there was no significant variation in the weekend effect according to the season of the year, mortality at seven days for weekend, compared with weekday admissions was 31% higher during winter months. During the winter, emergency hospital admissions are often increased through seasonal respiratory and gastrointestinal infections including influenza and norovirus, as well as chronic conditions such as COPD, which lead to increased pressures on inpatient resources. It is possible that stroke care may be compromised in hospitals without dedicated stroke units, although we found no significant variation in the weekend effect.
The weekend effect was highest in community hospitals (80% increase)—although because of relatively few admissions to these hospitals, this was not statistically significant—compared with large hospitals (10%). Community and small hospitals can be most affected by a lack of access to investigation, treatment and senior cover at weekends, while larger hospitals are often better able to address these shortcomings. Patients in community hospitals were significantly older (mean age 79.0 years) than in small (76.0 years), medium (75.4) and large hospitals (75.2), while a previous UK audit reported that the quality of acute stroke care is worse among older patients [22].
Although many of the study hospitals provide informal stroke units that involve reserved beds, only one provided a formal, dedicated stroke unit throughout the study period. Mortality was significantly lower in this hospital (7.0% at seven days) than in all other hospitals. However, the small number of admissions was insufficient to establish whether formal stroke units are effective in overcoming the weekend effect, as reported in other studies [17–19]. It is also possible that the findings in our population may differ from other national populations which have higher levels of admissions to formal stroke units.
We found that the weekend effect was substantially increased for strokes that were recorded as unspecified subtype. This suggests that the weekend effect on mortality is worsened for strokes on weekends that are less well investigated or recorded—and may reflect lower levels of service provision and staffing on weekends.
There were indications, although not statistically significant, that the weekend effect on stroke mortality at seven days may be higher for patients who lived furthest from hospital, with 32% increased mortality for distances of more than 20 km, and for social deprivation quintile II (45% increased). Longer distances to hospital can lead to delays in the initiation of investigations and treatment.[31] The indications of an increased weekend effect for social deprivation quintile II is less intuitive, but may be linked to strong associations between social deprivation and both distance from a main hospital and the size of the admitting hospital. Patients in quintile II lived furthest from a main hospital and were most often admitted to a community hospital, which were also both linked with some indications of increased mortality for admissions at weekends. This finding may be particular therefore to the study population and the geographical dispersion of affluent and deprived communities in relation to the location of hospitals.
A strength of this study is that it covers more than 37 000 admissions for stroke in a defined geographical population. It is based on systematic, validated record linkage of inpatient and death certificate data to identify all deaths that occurred following discharge from hospital as well as those that occurred in hospital. It also incorporated validated record linkage of national primary care data to enable more complete ascertainment of patient co-morbidities than in other large studies of stroke mortality that have been based on co-morbidities recorded from inpatient records alone.
Study limitations are, firstly that as with other studies of stroke mortality, based on administrative health data [1–6,8,10,11,13,14,17] and which provide most of the evidence on the weekend effect, our information sources lack detailed information about stroke severity, disease history and treatment. Weekend admissions can include a higher proportion of more severe strokes with worse prognosis [9,23,24]. Although the weekend effect could not be explained by differences in case mix factors such as patient co-morbidities, demographics, social deprivation and length of inpatient stay, the admission rate was lower on weekends, suggesting that stroke severity may be greater on weekends. Other limitations, common to other large studies based on administrative health data [1–6,8,10,11,13,14,17] are that the study was restricted to public (NHS) hospitals, although the private hospital sector receives few admissions for stroke. Also, the measures of prognosis reported here are those from the index admission of stroke and we recognise that some of these may occur late in the natural history of the disease. The ascertainment of patient co-morbidities, although enhanced through primary care data, would be incomplete. Distances from hospital were measured from patients' residences rather than the locations of the strokes. As with other studies based on administrative inpatient data [1–6,8,10,11,13,14,17] our information sources included the day of admission but not the time of day the admission occurred, so that it was not possible to establish whether the weekend effect was linked to particular shifts. Although a conservative adjustment, significant findings would still be expected for multiple testing in a large population when using the Bonferroni adjustment.
The increased mortality for weekend and public holiday admissions in our study period amounts to an excess of 1,057 deaths at seven days and 1,941 at 30 days, when compared with mortality at the same levels as on normal weekdays. However, there were major reductions over time in stroke mortality, as stroke care has improved following successive national audits [9,23,24].
The study shows a strong reduction over time in mortality following hospitalisation for stroke, which follows the findings of national audits into stroke care. Mortality was increased for admissions at weekends, although a lower admission rate on weekends suggests that the weekend effect may well be influenced by variation in stroke severity. We found that the weekend effect on mortality was worse for strokes that were recorded as of 'unspecified' subtype. There were also indications, although not significant, that mortality for weekend admissions may be higher during the winter months when seasonal illnesses can impact most strongly on health care resources, for small community hospitals and for longer distances to hospital. Further studies are required in other healthcare settings in order to establish whether the weekend effect on stroke mortality is worsened during the winter, in community hospitals and for people resident furthest from hospital.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Judy Williams for administrative and clerical help, Damon Berridge for statistical advice and the Health Information Research Unit (HIRU), College of Medicine, Swansea University, for preparing and providing access to the project specific linked datasets from the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank, which is funded as part of The Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research and by the Wales Office of Research and Development.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SER JGW DGS. Performed the experiments: SER AA KT. Analyzed the data: KT AA SER. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AA KT SER. Wrote the paper: SER JGW DGS KT. Reviewed the literature: SER.
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