Kerns21 | $1873* | Contemporaneous | All admitted | In-hospital only | Patient charges |
Hoekstra29 | $1160* | Contemporaneous | All admitted | In-hospital only | Patient charges (excluding physician charges) |
| $2030* | Contemporaneous | All admitted | In-hospital only | Patient charges (excluding physician charges) |
Rodriguez30 | $1564* | Contemporaneous | All admitted | In-hospital only | Mean hospital charge |
Stomel28 | $1497 | Contemporaneous | All admitted | In-hospital only | Hospital financial data system costing |
Mikhail26 | $1470* | Historical | All admitted | In-hospital only | Hospital financial data system costing |
Sayre31 | $1449* | Contemporaneous | All admitted | In-hospital only | Engineered standards |
Gomez19 | $1165† | Historical | All admitted | In-hospital + 30 day follow up | Charges incurred on patients itemised account |
| $624† | Randomised | All admitted | In-hospital only | Charges incurred on patients itemised account |
Gaspoz20 | $698* | Contemporaneous | Admitted + discharged | In-hospital + 6 month follow up | Detailed costing procedure |
Roberts18 | $567* | Randomised | All admitted | In-hospital only | Detailed costing procedure |