Agents using strong lignocaine (lidocaine)
| Group | Agents | Population | Score | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adler et al26 demonstrated that LET (4% lidocaine, 1/1000 epinephrine, 0.5% tetracaine) worked significantly better than sterile water. | ||||
| Ernst et al23 | 3 ml of TAC v 3 ml of LAT (4% lidocaine, 1/2000 adrenaline, 1% tetracaine Applied for up to 30 minutes. | Adults. Wound <7 cm on face or scalp. 47 TAC 48 LAT | VAS of suturing by patient + physician. Number of painful sutures by physician. | LAT caused fewer painful sutures p=0.036 Median VAS for TAC + LAT by both groups = 0 |
| Ernst et al2 | 1% buffered lidocaine with epinephrine v 3 ml LAT gel (4% lidocaine, 1/2000 adrenaline, 0.5% tetracaine). Gel applied for up to 20 minutes. | 5 years and older. Wound 1.5–10 cm and linear. 33 Lido 33 LAT gel | VAS of application and suturing by patient + physician Number of painful sutures by physician. | VAS for application strongly favours LAT p=0.001 13% sutures caused pain with LAT, 6% with lidocaine P=0.28 No difference in VAS for suturing |
| Schilling et al16 | 3 ml of TAC v 3 ml of LET (4% lidocaine, 1/1000 epinephrine, 0.5% tetracaine). Applied for 15 minutes. | Children. Wound covered by 2×2 cm gauze on face or scalp. 73 TAC 78 LET | Adequacy of anaesthesia. Duration of anaesthesia. | Equivalent adequacy of anaesthesia (TAC 79.5%, LET 74.4% p=0.45). Equivalent numbers with complete duration of anaesthesia (TAC 75.9%, LET 82.4% p=0.18). |
| Ernst et al24 | 3 ml TAC gel v 3 ml LAT gel - (4% lidocaine, 1/2000 adrenaline, 0.5% tetracaine). Applied for up to 30 minutes | Children 5–17 years Wound <7 cm on face or scalp. 47 TAC 48 LAT | VAS of suturing by patient or parent and physician. Number of painful sutures by parents or patients. | No difference in number of painful sutures (TAC 13%, LAT 18% p=0.51). No difference between LAT and TAC ranked sum ratings for physicians (p=0.80) or patients (p=0.71). |
| Resch et al25 | 3 ml LET (4% lidocaine, 1/1000 epinephrine, 0.5% tetracaine) solution v 3 ml LET gel. Applied for 20 minutes. | Children. Wound covered by 5×5 cm gauze on face or scalp. 91 Gel 103 Solution | Adequacy to needle probe Efficacy of anaesthesia | No difference in adequacy between solution and gel (95% CI −8% to 13%) Similar numbers with complete effectiveness (95% CI −3% to 22%) |
| Blackburn et al15 | 10 ml TAC v 10 ml TLE (5% lidocaine, 1/2000 epinephrine) Applied for 20 minutes. | 2 years and older. Wound of face or scalp. 18 TAC 17 TLE | Facial effective scale (9 points) by physician or older child. | Similar results TAC mean score 2.66, TLE 3.29 (p=0.33). Both scores within “complete anaesthesia” range |