| Lammers RL et al, 2001, USA | 331 adult women presenting to ED or intermediate care centre with more than one symptom of a UTI. | Prospective observational study | Sensitivity | 92% | Only women |
| | | NPV | 83% | No sample size analysis |
| Positive dipstick defined as detectable nitrite or leucocyte esterase | | | | |
| Prevalence 45.9%. | | | | |
| Gold standard urine culture | | | | |
| Bent S et al, 2002, USA | Adult women from nine original studies involving patients with symptoms of an UTI presenting to outpatient clinics. Total number of patients 2331 | Meta-analysis | Sensitivity | 75% | Some studies only included women |
| | | Likelihood of UTI in presence of dysuria and frequency without vaginal discharge is high | >90% | Only able to use data from some studies |
| Positive dipstick defined as detectable nitrite or leucocyte esterase | | | | Difference in cut off level for positive urine culture (range 100–100,000 CFU/ml) |
| Prevalence 48% | | | | Some studies of poor quality |
| Gold standard of positive urine culture | | | | |