Dewire DM et al, 1992, USA | 20 patients separated clinically into 3 groups (trauma, inflammation, ischaemia) | Diagnostic cohort | Correct diagnosis of torsion | Correctly predicted the need for surgery in 89% | Small study numbers Data 12 years old |
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Schwaibold H et al, 1996, Germany | 31 patients with painful scrotums | Diagnostic cohort | Correct diagnosis of testicular torsion | Definitive diagnosis in 83% | Results from 1988 to 1991 |
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Hendrikx AJ et al, ?1997, Netherlands | 215 patients with scrotal complaints | Diagnostic cohort | 38% of torsions missed | Clinical examination 7.6%; ultrasound 7.6% | No direct comparison of clinical v ultrasound |
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Baker LA et al, 2000, USA | 130 patients with equivocal clinical suspicion of torsion | Diagnostic cohort | Correct diagnosis of torsion by ultrasound | Sensitivity 88.9%, specificity 98.8% | No direct comparison of clinical v ultrasound |
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Kravchick S et al, 2001, Israel | 38 boys with scrotal pain and borderline clinical findings | Diagnostic cohort | Correct diagnosis of torsion | Ultrasound 88.9%sensitive, 90% specific;clinical assessment 47.4% accuracy | No sensitivity or specificity for clinical assessment |
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Yuan Z et al, 2001, China | 17 pre-op acute scrotums, 17 normal scrotums | Diagnostic cohort | Correct diagnosis of testicular torsion | 48% accuracy at torsion pick-up | Small study numbers No direct comparison of clinical v ultrasound |
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Stehr M and Boehm R, 2003, Germany | 132 children with acute scrotum | Diagnostic cohort | % of torsions reported normal by ultrasound in a group with clinically suspected torsion | 3.8% | Indirect comparison of clinical examination and ultrasound |