Table 4

Author, date, and country	Patient group	Study type (level of evidence)	Outcomes	Key results	Study weaknesses
O’Regan ME et al, 1996, UK	19 epileptic children in the neurophysiology laboratory given intranasal midazolam	Experimental	Electroencephalographic (EEG) evidence or clinical cessation of fits	15/19 patients showed either EEG changes or clinical improvement	Population different from that seen as an emergency
					No control of other medications
					Small numbers

Kendall JL et al, 1997, USA	2 patients in the Emergency Department	Case report	Clinical evidence of cessation of fits	Both patients stopped fitting

Scheepers M et al, 1998, UK	2 patients in the Emergency Department	Case report	Clinical evidence of cessation of fits	Both patients stopped fitting

Mahmoudian T and Zadeh MM, 2004, Iran	70 children aged 2 months to 15 years	Clinical trial	Time to seizure control	2.94 min v 3.58 min	No randomisation
	Intravenous diazepam v intranasal