Mallory et al15 1990 | 27 RCT (with partial crossover) | IJ CVC insertion in ICU patients by Senior ICU Staff | | Failure rate | Small numbers |
| | | Ultrasound | 0/12 | No power calculation |
| | | Landmark | 6/17 (p<0.05) | |
| | | | Number of attempts | |
| | | Ultrasound | 1.75 | |
| | | Landmark | 3.12 (p<0.05) | |
| | | | Success on crossover | |
| | | To Ultrasound | 6/6 | |
Troianos et al16 1991 | 160 RCT | CVC insertion in Cardio-thoracic patients | | Success Rate | No baseline statistics. |
| | | Ultrasound | 77/77 | Randomisation process not described |
| | | Landmark | 80/83 (NS) | |
| | | | First attempt success | |
| | | Ultrasound | 56/77 | |
| | | Landmark | 45/83 (p<0.05) | |
| | | | Number of attempts | |
| | | Ultrasound | 1.4±0.7 | |
| | | Landmark | 2.8±3 (p<0.05) | |
| | | | Time to insertion | |
| | | Ultrasound | 61±46 sec | |
| | | Landmark | 117±136 sec (p<0.05) | |
Denys et al17 1993 | 604 (1230) RCT (302 Ultrasound vs 302 landmark followed by 626 patients Ultrasound only) | IJ CVC insertion in cardiac catheter patients by senior cardiologist | | Success rate | Poor randomisation technique (one week blocks of Ultrasound or landmark) |
| | | Ultrasound 1 | 302/302 | No blinding |
| | | Ultrasound 2 | 626/626 | |
| | | Landmark | 66/302 (p<0.001) | |
| | | | Complication rates (p<0.001): | |
| | | Ultrasound1/Ultrasound2/LM | Carotid puncture | |
| | | | 8/8/25 | |
| | | | Brachial Plex | |
| | | | Injury | |
| | | | 1/3/5 | |
| | | | Haematoma | |
| | | | 0/2/10 | |
| | | | Total number attempts | |
| | | Ultrasound1 | 1.2±0.5, | |
| | | Ultrasound2 | 1.4±0.9 | |
| | | Landmark | 2.5±2.7 (p<0.001) | |
| | | | First attempt success | |
| | | Ultrasound1 | 248 | |
| | | Ultrasound2 | 473 | |
| | | Landmark | 116 (p<0.001) | |
Gualtieri et al18 1995 | 33 patients 53 placements RCT | SC CVC insertion in ICU patients | | Success rate | No blinding. |
| | Operators with <30 procedures. | Ultrasound | 23/25 | Initial power calculation ignored and trial stopped when significance reached. |
| | | Landmark | 12/27 (p = 0.0003) | Group overlap: experienced operator intervened in 2 cases |
| | | | Complication rate | |
| | | Ultrasound | 1/25 | |
| | | Landmark | 11/27 (p = 0.002) | |
| | | | Total number attempts | |
| | | Ultrasound | 1.4 | |
| | | Landmark | 2.5 (p = 0.0007) | |
| | | | CVC kit usage | |
| | | Ultrasound | 1.0 | |
| | | Landmark | 1.4 (p = 0.0003) | |
Slama et al19 1997 | 79 RCT | IJ CVC insertion | | Success rate | No power calculation. |
| | ICU patients by Junior doctors | Ultrasound | 37/37 | No blinding |
| | | Landmark | 32/42 (p<0.01) | |
| | | | Time to insertion | |
| | | Ultrasound | 95±174 sec | |
| | | Landmark | 235±408 (p = 0.06;NS) | |
| | | | Complication rate | |
| | | | No sig. difference | |