| Bleakley et al, 2004, Ireland2 | To explore the clinical evidence base for cryotherapy. Five sub-questions posed. | Human studies up to 2002. Broad inclusion criteria – trauma and postoperative RCTs. 4 outcome measures: pain, swelling, ROM and function | Multiple databases, hand searches and citation tracking. 22 studies found (5 relating to soft tissue injury, 17 relating to surgery). | Used PEDro scoring, range 2–5/10. Appraisal inconclusive | Many more high quality studies are needed to ensure adequate evidence-based practice | Clinical question was not focused, hence reducing study validity and applicability. Mixed population –trauma and surgery. Non-specific conclusion due to breadth of clinical question |
| Hubbard et al, 2004, USA3 | Does cryotherapy hasten return to participation? | Clear and relevant. Focused clinical question | English language journals 1976–2003. Limits included RCTs only. 4 trials found | Used PEDro scoring, range 2–4/10. Good appraisal | Cryotherapy instituted soon after injury may be effective in speeding return to work or sports | Well designed systematic review with focused clinical question. Major limitation is paucity of papers obtained |