Reference | Subject | Study design | Findings | Comments |
Frazee BW71 | 136 patients sedated using propofol | Prospective observational study | One patient vomited, after apnoea requiring assisted ventilation: no evidence of aspiration | Patients fasted for 6 h for solids, 2 h for liquids |
Campbell SG72 | 979 patients sedated using propofol, fentanyl or midazolam | Retrospective case series | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Patients not fasted |
Miner JR73 | 62 patients, ASA three or four sedated using propofol or etomidate | Prospective observational study | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Fasted for 3 h for solids |
Swanson ER74 | 20 patients sedated using propofol and fentanyl | Convenience sample | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Patients not fasted |
Chudnofsky CR75 | 77 patients sedated using ketamine and midazolam | Prospective observational trial | Two cases of post-procedural vomiting, no aspiration | Patients not fasted |
Lermann B76 | 76 patients sedated using methohexital | Prospective observational study | One patient vomited, who was being intubated for a low GCS. CT showed hypertensive intracranial haemorrhage | Patients not fasted |
Miner JR77 | 103 patients sedated using propofol or methohexital | Prospective randomised study | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Fasted for 3 h for solids |
Vinson DR78 | 134 patients aged 6–93 sedated using etomidate, opiates and benzodiazepines | Retrospective observational study | One case of vomiting requiring suctioning, no evidence of aspiration | Patients not fasted |
Ruth WJ79 | 60 patients sedated with etomidate | Two-part feasibility study | One cases of post-procedural vomiting. No cases of vomiting while sedated, or aspiration | Patients not fasted |
Burton JH80 | 792 patients sedated with propofol | Prospective observational study at three sites | One case of vomiting, no evidence of aspiration | Patients not fasted |
Coll-Vinent B81 | 32 patients sedated using propofol, etomidate, midazolam±flumazenil | RCT of four regimes | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Patients fasted for 4 h |
Miner JR82 | 108 patients sedated using propofol, methohexitol, etomidate or benzodiazepines | Prospective observational study | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Patients fasted for 3 h for solids |
Sokolowski J83 | 145 patients over 70 years old sedated using etomidate | Prospective observational study | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Patients not fasted |
Willman EV84 | 114 patients sedated using ketamine and propofol | Prospective observational study | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Patients not fasted |
Chan KLL85 | 87 patient sedated using etomidate or midazolam | RCT | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Patients not fasted |
Sacchetti A70 | 687 patients sedated using various agents | Prospective multicentre observational study | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Patients not fasted |
Engel J86 | 308 adults sedated using propofol | Prospective observational study | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Patients not fasted |
Dunn T87 | 48 patients sedated using propofol | Prospective observational study | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Patients not fasted |
Miner JR88 | 214 patients sedated using propofol or etomidate | Randomised prospective trial | No cases of vomiting or aspiration reported | Patients fasted for 3 h for solids |
Newton A89 | 92 patients sedated using ketamine | Prospective observational study | Three patients vomited, no reports of aspiration | Patients not fasted |
Vardy JM90 | 210 patients sedated for emergency procedures | Prospective observational study | Three patients vomited, no reports of aspiration | Patients not fasted |
Sim TB91 | 15 patients sedated for abscess drainage in the ED using ketamine and midazolam | Prospective observational study | Two patients vomited, no reports of aspiration | Patients fasted for 3 h |
Messenger DW92 | 63 patients sedated with ketamine or fentanyl | Double blind RCT | No cases of aspiration or vomiting reported | 4 h fast recommended |
Wright SW93 | 69 patients sedated with midazolam and diazepam | Double blind RCT | No cases of aspiration or vomiting reported | Not routinely fasted. Fasting times decided on an individual basis |
Green SM94 | 26 patients sedated with ketamine | Prospective observational study | Two patients vomited but no cases of aspiration reported | Patients fasted for 3 h |
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; CT, computed tomography; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; RCT, randomised controlled trial.