Characteristic | Overall agents | Nitrous oxide | Ketamine |
n=2002 | n=1625 | n=335 | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Age, years | |||
Mean (range) | 6.6 (1–18) | 7.2 (1–18) | 3.6 (1–16) |
Median (IQR) | 5.7 (3.3–9.6) | 6.5 (4.0–10.2) | 3.0 (1.9–4.5) |
Male gender | 1192 (59.5) | 965 (59.4) | 204 (60.9) |
Sedative agents | |||
Nitrous oxide | 1625 (81.1) | ||
Ketamine | 335 (16.7) | ||
Midazolam | 18 (0.9) | ||
Nitrous oxide and midazolam | 21 (1.0) | ||
Propofol | 2 (0.1) | ||
Chloral hydrate | 1 (0.1) | ||
Procedures | |||
Laceration repair | 767 (38.3) | 508 (31.2) | 255 (76.1) |
Facial laceration repair | 440 (22.0) | 247 (15.2) | 190 (56.7) |
Sutures, unspecified | 164 (8.2) | 117 (7.2) | 47 (14.0) |
Non-facial | 163 (8.1) | 144 (8.9) | 18 (5.4) |
Orthopaedic | 663 (33.1) | 616 (37.9) | 36 (10.7) |
Reduction fracture | 425 (21.2) | 393 (24.2) | 27 (8.0) |
LAMP | 94 (4.7) | 81 (5.0) | 8 (2.4) |
Application of plaster | 71 (3.6) | 70 (4.3) | – |
Reduction dislocation | 73 (3.7) | 72 (4.4) | 1 (0.3) |
Foreign body removal | 198 (9.9) | 161 (9.9) | 34 (10.2) |
Vascular access | |||
Peripheral IV line placement | 74 (3.7) | 68 (4.2) | – |
Central venous line placement | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | – |
Other procedure | |||
Abscess drainage | 63 (3.2) | 61 (3.8) | 2 (0.6) |
Urinary catheter | 40 (2.0) | 38 (2.3) | |
Lumbar puncture | 26 (1.3) | 23 (1.4) | 1 (0.3) |
Wound debridement | 25 (1.3) | 23 (1.4) | 1 (0.3) |
Dressing application/removal | 24 (1.2) | 23 (1.4) | 1 (0.3) |
Dental procedure | 13 (0.7) | 9 (0.6) | 4 (1.2) |
Enema application | 11 (0.6) | 10 (0.6) | |
Nasogastric or gastrostomy tube placement | 11 (0.6) | 10 (0.6) | |
Pelvic examination | 5 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) | |
Suprapubic aspirate | 5 (0.3) | 5 (0.3) | |
Paraphimosis reduction | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.3) | |
Arthrocentesis | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.3) | |
Vaccination | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | |
Hernia reduction | 3 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | |
‘Other examination’ | 60 (3.0) | 50 (3.1) | 1 (0.3) |
ED, emergency department; IQR, interquartile range; IV, intravenous; LAMP, local anaesthesia, manipulation and plaster; PSA, procedural sedation and analgesia.