The LWBS results from the papers incorporated into the literature review
| Author | Year | Country | Study type | LWBS rate | Causes/features |
| Bindman4 | 1991 | USA | Cohort | 15% | Long wait |
| Arendt5 | 2003 | USA | Retrospective observational | 0.84% | Long wait, apparent long wait, symptom relief |
| Mohsin6 | 2007 | Australia | Patient follow-up | 8.6% | Long wait |
| Goodacre7 | 2005 | UK | Multivariate | 7.2% | Time and seasonal variation |
| Lee8 | 1998 | Hong Kong | Patient follow-up | 0.36% | Long wait, symptom relief |
| Ding9 | 2006 | USA | Case–control | 6.4% | Previous LWBS episode, 18–24 years old |
| Bourgeois10 | 2008 | USA | National survey data | 1.88% | Younger patients, peak ED arrival time |
| Sun11 | 2007 | USA | NHAMCS analysis | 1.41% | Younger, non-white, lower triage categories |
| Rowe12 | 2006 | Canada | Patient follow-up | 4.5% | Long wait |
| Polevoi13 | 2005 | USA | Modified case-crossover | 1.8% | ED overcrowding and non-emergency medicine specialist clinical lead |
| Baibergenova14 | 2006 | Canada | Retrospective | 3.1% | Younger, lower triage level, larger ED |
| Hobbs15 | 2000 | USA | Retrospective | 7.4% | Overcrowding, arrival of trauma patients |
| Lee16 | 2006 | Australia | Patient follow-up | 6.7% | Poor communication of waiting time, lower triage level |
| Baker17 | 1991 | USA | Patient follow-up | 8.2% | Long wait, overcrowding |
| Johnson18 | 2009 | USA | Patient follow-up | 1.1% | Long wait, symptom relief |
| Guttmann19 | 2011 | Canada | Retrospective cohort study | 4.2% | Did not explore cause, but associated with long waiting times |
ED, emergency department; LWBS, leave without being seen.