Table 2

Prehospital times, transport mode and physician-only interventions, by treatment allocation

Factor	Original head injury definition (GCS<9)			Modified severe head injury definition (GCS 3–12 and AIS≥3)
Factor	Standard care	Physician care	p Value*	Standard care	Physician care	p Value*
Time intervals (min)
Time from beginning of emergency call to first arrival at patient	9 (7–13)	10 (8–13)	0.15	9 (7–14)	10 (7–13)	0.57
Time spent at the scene	16 (11–27)	22 (15–33)	<0.01	17 (11–29)	23 (15–32)	0.02
Transport time from scene to hospital	13 (10–21)	13 (9–18)	0.47	15 (10–21)	13 (9–17)	0.09
Total prehospital time	44 (33–56)	48 (38–62)	0.02	43 (33–59)	49 (38–61)	0.14
Patient transport mode
Helicopter transport	21 (12%)	36 (19%)	0.08	23 (15%)	34 (19%)	0.34
Physician-only interventions
Neuromuscular-blockade-assisted intubation	18 (10%)	96 (49%)	<0.001	22 (14%)	105 (58%)	<0.001
Tube/open thoracostomy	5 (3%)	1 (1%)	0.07†	5 (3%)	0	0.01†
Crystalloid >1000 mL	12 (7%)	24 (12%)	0.07	12 (8%)	30 (16%)	0.01
Any Packed Red Blood Cells	6 (3%)	12 (6%)	0.22	8 (5%)	12 (7%)	0.57
Any 7.5% saline or 20% mannitol	5 (3%)	29 (15%)	<0.001†	5 (3%)	31 (17%)	<0.001†
Rates of correction or prevention of hypoxia and hypotension
Hypoxia at first contact	30 (24%)	37 (22%)	0.73	27 (23%)	30 (19%)	0.42
Hypoxia at hospital arrival	14 (14%)	5 (4%)	<0.001†	15 (10%)	8 (5%)	0.05
Hypotension at first contact	58 (34%)	63 (32%)	0.80	38 (25%)	42 (24%)	0.76
Hypotension at hospital arrival	13 (7%)	13 (7%)	0.79	17 (11%)	20 (11%)	0.98

Statistics are given as n (%) or median (IQR). Hypotension, systolic BP <90 mm Hg; Hypoxia, SpO₂ <92%.
*The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for continuous data and χ² tests were used for categorical variables.
†Conditional binomial test.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale.