Table 2

EPHPP quality assessment tool rating for individual studies14

Study design	First author	Study title	Selection bias	Study design	Confounders	Blinding	Data collection methods	Withdrawals and dropouts	Global rating
Before and after studies	Choi15	Triage rapid initial assessment by doctor (TRIAD) improves waiting time and processing time of the emergency department	M	M	W	M	M	W	W
	Crane30	A lack of effect on patient satisfaction scores in one large urban emergency department	W	M	W	M	S	W	W
	French17	Doctor at triage—effect on waiting time and patient satisfaction in a Jamaican hospital	W	W	M	M	S	M	W
	Grant16	Rapid assessment team reduces waiting time	W	M	W	W	M	M	W
	Han18	The effect of physician triage on emergency department length of stay	M	M	S	M	S	W	M
	Imperato20	Physician in triage improves emergency department patient throughput	M	M	W	M	M	S	M
	Imperato19	Improving patient satisfaction by adding a physician in triage	W	M	W	M	S	W	W
	Patel21	Team assignment system: expediting emergency department care	M	M	W	W	W	W	W
	Richardson22	Multidisciplinary assessment at triage: a new way forward	W	M	W	M	S	W	W
	Rogg23	A long-term analysis of physician triage screening in the emergency department	M	M	S	M	M	M	S
	Shetty24	Senior streaming assessment further evaluation after triage zone: a novel model of care encompassing various emergency department throughput measures	M	M	M	W	S	W	W
	Soremekun25	Operational and financial impact of physician screening in the ED	M	M	S	W	M	M	M
	Soremekun26	Impact of physician screening in the ED on patient flow	M	M	M	W	S	M	M
	Soremekun27	The effect of an emergency department dedicated midtrack area on patient flow	M	M	S	W	S	M	M
	Travers28	Avoiding prolonged waiting time during busy periods in the emergency department: is there a role for the senior emergency physician in triage?	M	M	W	W	W	W	W
	White29	Supplemented triage and rapid treatment (START) improves performance measures in the emergency department	M	M	M	W	S	M	M
Clinical controlled trails	Partovi39	Faculty triage shortens emergency department length of stay	M	S	W	M	S	M	M
Clinical controlled trails	Terris38	Making an IMPACT on emergency department flow: improving patient processing assisted by consultant at triage	M	S	W	W	W	S	W
Cohort studies	Asha31	Improvement in emergency department length of stay using an early senior medical assessment and streaming model of care: a cohort study	M	M	S	M	S	S	M
	Baumann33	Team triage: addressing challenges to emergency department flow	W	M	S	W	M	S	W
	Burstrom32	Physician-led team triage based on lean principles may be superior for efficiency and quality? A comparison of three emergency departments with different triage models	M	W	S	M	S	S	M
Randomised controlled trials	Cheng34	Implementing wait-time reductions under Ontario government benchmarks (Pay-for-Results): a cluster randomized trial of the effect of a Physician–Nurse supplementary triage assistance team (MDRNSTAT) on emergency department patient wait times	M	S	S	M	S	S	S
	Davis37	Senior work-up assessment and treatment team in an emergency department: a randomised control trial	M	S	S	M	S	S	S
	Holroyd35	Impact of a triage liaison physician on emergency department overcrowding and throughput: a randomized controlled trial	S	S	S	M	S	M	S
	Subash36	Team triage improves emergency department efficiency	M	S	W	W	S	W	W

EPHPP, Effective Public Health Practice Project; M, medium; S, strong; W, weak.