Characteristics of included studies
| Study design group | Study and country of origin | Annual visits rate | Intervention | Study population | Study period | Study design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before and after (BA) studies | Choi et al15 Hong Kong | ∼146 000 | Senior-led team triage Triage rapid initial assessment by doctor (TRIAD) team of senior physician, nurse, healthcare assistant | 2665 | 2 weeks | BA |
| Crane et al30 USA | 95 000 | Single senior doctor triage (SDT) Faculty physician | NR | ∼3 months | BA | |
| French et al17 Jamaica | NR | Senior doctor and nurse triage Team consisting of a consultant and two nurses | 257 | 4 days | BA | |
| Grant et al16 Australia | NR | Senior doctor and nurse triage Rapid assessment team (RAT) A senior doctor and registered nurse | 9778 | 6 months | BA | |
| Han et al18 USA | 50 000 | Single SDT board certified emergency physician | 17 285 | ∼5 months | BA | |
| Imperato et al20 USA | 36 000 | Senior-led team triage Team of attending physician, nurse and technician | 18 109 | 6 months | BA | |
| Imperato et al 201419 USA | 36 000 | Senior-led team triage Physician in Triage (PIT) board certified emergency physician, registered nurse and technician | 966 | 6 months | BA | |
| Patel and Vinson USA21 | 39 000 | Senior-led team triage Team assignment system Teams of one board certified emergency physician, two nurses and usually one technician | 78 017 | 2 years | BA | |
| Richardson et al22 Australia | 36 000 | Senior doctor and nurse triage Multidisciplinary team (MDT) comprising a senior registrar/consultant and triage nurse | 4148 | 6 months | BA | |
| Rogg et al 23 USA | 90 000 | Senior-led team triage Supplemented triage and rapid treatment (START) team of senior physicians and nurses | 180 870 | 4 years | BA | |
| Shetty et al24 Australia | 56 000 | Senior-led team triage Senior streaming assessment further evaluation after triage (SAFE-T) zone. Team of a senior doctor, nursing and junior medical staff | 23 253 | 77 days | BA | |
| Soremekun et al 2012a25 USA | 90 000 | Senior-led team triage START team of senior physicians and nurses | 76 858 | 2 years | BA | |
| Soremekun et al 2012b26 USA | 90 000 | Senior-led team triage START team of senior physicians and nurses | 20 318 | 2 years | BA | |
| Soremekun et al27 USA | 68 000 | Senior doctor and nurse triage Attending physician and two registered nurses | 91 903 | 2 years | BA | |
| Travers and Lee28 Singapore | NR | Senior doctor and nurse triage Senior emergency physician and nurse triage (SEDNT) Team of senior physician and nurses | 792 | 2 months | BA | |
| White et al29 USA | 85 000 | Senior-led team triage START team of senior physicians and nurses | 27 156 | 6 months | BA | |
| Clinical controlled trails (CCTs) | Partovi et al39 USA | 52 000 | Senior-led team triage Faculty physician, two nurses and emergency medical technician | 1734 | 16 days | CCT |
| Terris et al38 UK | 108 000 | Senior doctor and nurse triage The IMPACT team. Team of emergency medicine consultant and a senior ED nurse | 378 | 3 months | CCT | |
| Cohort studies | Asha and Ajami31 Australia | 65 000 | Senior-led team triage Senior assessment and streaming (SAS). Team of ED consultant, intern and nurse | 18 962 | 3 months | Prospective cohort study |
| Baumann et al33 USA | 52 000 | Senior-led team triage Team triage and treatment (T3). Senior physician, an emergency nurse and technician | 243 | 1 week | Prospective cohort | |
| Burstrom et al32 Sweden | 52 000–64 000 | Senior-led team triage Consultant-led team of junior doctor and nurse | 91 023 | 1 year | Retrospective cohort | |
| Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) | Cheng et al34 Canada | 45 000 | Senior doctor and nurse triage Emergency consultant and nurse triage assessment team | 17 034 | ∼7 months | RCT |
| Davis et al37 Australia | 70 000 | Senior led-team triage Senior workup assessment and treatment team (SWAT). Team comprising an emergency medicine consultant, a junior medical officer and an ED nurse | 1737 | 36 days | RCT | |
| Holroyd et al35 Canada | 55 000 | Senior doctor and nurse triage Team of certified emergency physician with one year's experience and nurse | 5718 | 6 weeks | RCT | |
| Subash et al36 UK | 50 000 | Senior-led team triage A team of designated consultant, a middle grade, two senior house officers and a triage nurse | 1028 | 8 days | RCT |
ED, emergency department; NR, not reported.