Risk of bias in validity studies of paediatric triage systems
| Triage system | Author/year/country | Bias type/kappa | Quality of discussion | Methodological quality | ||||
| Participants | Attrition/losses | Measurement | Outcome measures | Statistical analysis | ||||
| kw2 0.70 (0.58–0.78) | kw2 0.66 (0.54–0.80) | kw2 0.77 (0.56–0.89) | kw2 0.57 (0.24–0.67) | kw2 0.85 (0.72–0.97) | ||||
| PedCTAS | Gravel et al 25, 2013, Canada25 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Good | Moderate |
| PedCTAS | Gravel et al, 2012, Canada26 | Uncertain | Low risk | Low risk | Uncertain | Low risk | Good | Moderate |
| PedCTAS | Gravel et al, 2009, Canada27 | Low risk | Uncertain | Low risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Good | Moderate |
| PedCTAS | Gravel et al, 2008, Canada47 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Good | High |
| PedCTAS | Ma et al, 2009, Canada28 | Uncertain | Low risk | Low risk | Uncertain | High risk | Good | Low |
| PedCTAS | Gouin et al, 2005, Canada29 | Uncertain | High risk | Low risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Good | Low |
| PedCTAS | Fernandez et al, 2010, Spain30 | Low risk | Low risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | High risk | Fair | Low |
| PedCTAS | Al-Hindi et al, 2014, Saudi Arabia31 | High risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Uncertain | Uncertain | Fair | Low |
| TTAS | Yu-Che Chang et al, 2013, Thailand32 | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Fair | Low |
| ESI v.4 | Green et al, 2012, USA33 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Uncertain | Good | Moderate |
| ESI v.4 | Travers et al, 2009, USA34 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Good | Moderate |
| ESI v.4 | Baumann et al, 2005, USA35 | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Uncertain | Good | Low |
| ESI v.4 | Jafari-Rouhi et al, 2013, Iran36 | Uncertain | Uncertain | Low risk | High risk | High risk | Poor | Low |
| MTS | Roukema et al, 2006 Netherlands16 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Good | Moderate |
| MTS | Van Veen et al, 2008, Netherlands37 | Low risk | Uncertain | Low risk | Uncertain | Low risk | Good | Moderate |
| MTS | Seiger et al, 2011, Netherlands38 | Uncertain | Low risk | Low risk | Uncertain | Low risk | Good | Moderate |
| MTS | Van Veen et al, 2012, Netherlands39 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Uncertain | Low risk | Good | High |
| MTS | Nijman et al, 2011, Netherlands40 | Uncertain | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Good | Moderate |
| MTS | Van Veen et al, 2011, Netherlands41 | Low risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Uncertain | Uncertain | Good | Low |
| MTS | Seiger et al, 2013, Netherlands42 | Uncertain | Low risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Low risk | Good | Moderate |
| MTS | Seiger et al, 2014, Netherlands/Portugal/England43 | Low risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Uncertain | Low risk | Good | Moderate |
| MTS | Madramany et al, 2013, Spain44 | Uncertain | High risk | High risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Fair | Low |
| SATS | Twomey et al, 201312 | Uncertain | Low risk | Low risk | Uncertain | High risk | Fair | Low |
| PATS | Mullan et al, 201446 | Uncertain | Uncertain | Low risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Good | Low |
| SRTS | Maningas et al, 2006, USA45 | Uncertain | Uncertain | Low risk | Uncertain | Uncertain | Good | Low |
ESI v.4, Emergency Severity Index version 4; kw2, quadratic weighted kappa for the interrater agreement between two reviewers for each type of risk of bias, with 95% CI between parenthesis; MTS, Manchester Triage System; PATS, Princess Marina Hospital Triage Scale; PedCTAS, paediatric version of Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale; SATS, South African Triage Scale; SRTS, Soterion Rapid Triage System; TTAS, Taiwan Triage and Acuity Scale.