Access and REBOA information | Overall (n=142) | 24-Hour non-survivors (n=61) | 24-Hour survivors (n=81) | P value* |
Bleeding site, n (%) | ||||
Chest | 30 (21) | 22 (36) | 8 (9.9) | <0.001 |
Abdomen | 77 (54) | 24 (39) | 53 (65) | 0.002 |
Pelvis | 71 (50) | 35 (57) | 36 (44) | 0.17 |
Extrapelvic retroperitoneum | 19 (13) | 10 (16) | 9 (11) | 0.46 |
Operator specialty, n (%) | 0.92 | |||
EM | 62 (44) | 26 (43) | 36 (44) | |
EM-IR | 71 (50) | 32 (52) | 39 (48) | |
IR | 6 (4.2) | 2 (3.3) | 4 (4.9) | |
Others | 3 (2.1) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (2.5) | |
Experience, n (%) | 0.96 | |||
Attending | 119 (84) | 51 (84) | 68 (84) | |
Fellow | 4 (2.8) | 2 (3.3) | 2 (2.5) | |
Senior resident | 19 (13) | 8 (13) | 11 (14) | |
Location, n (%) | 0.028 | |||
Emergency department | 93 (65) | 47 (77) | 46 (57) | |
Angiography suite | 26 (18) | 10 (16) | 16 (20) | |
Operating room | 11 (7.7) | 1 (1.6) | 10 (12) | |
Others | 12 (8.5) | 3 (4.9) | 9 (11) | |
Access method, n (%) | 0.60 | |||
Percutaneous blindly | 130 (92) | 58 (95) | 72 (89) | |
US-guided | 4 (2.8) | 1 (1.6) | 3 (3.7) | |
Cut down | 3 (2.1) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (2.5) | |
Others | 5 (3.5) | 1 (1.6) | 4 (4.9) | |
Imaging, n (%) | 0.82 | |||
US | 22 (15) | 8 (13) | 14 (17) | |
X-ray | 41 (29) | 18 (30) | 23 (28) | |
Fluoroscopy | 46 (32) | 18 (30) | 28 (35) | |
Deployment, n (%) | 0.11 | |||
Zone I | 135 (95) | 57 (93) | 78 (96) | |
Zone II | 5 (3.5) | 4 (6.6) | 1 (1.2) | |
Zone III | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.5) | |
Balloon rupture | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) | 1.00 |
Migration | 3 (2.1) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (2.5) | 1.00 |
Duration of aortic occlusion†, min | ||||
Total duration of occlusion | 50 (25–93) | 78 (40–144) | 34 (13–62) | <0.001 |
Duration of P-REBOA | 12 (0–50) | 15 (0–53) | 12 (0–46) | 0.93 |
P-REBOA, n (%) | 78 (68) | 33 (66) | 45 (69) | 0.84 |
The data are presented as median (25th-75th centile) for continuous variables or as absolute number (%) for categorical data.
*P values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test or χ2 test for the difference between the 24-hour non-survivors and survivors group.
†Aortic occlusion times were accurately recorded in 115 patients. The total duration of occlusion and the duration of partial occlusion were calculated for this group.
EM, emergency medicine; EM-IR, EM with cross-training in interventional radiology; IR, interventional radiology; P-REBOA, partial REBOA; REBOA, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta; US, ultrasound.