Patient characteristics
| Characteristic | Emergency Medical System | ||
| Basic | Advanced | p Value | |
| ISS by category, n (%) | n=101 | n=251 | |
| 13–24 | 68 (67) | 171 (68) | 0.90 |
| >24 | 33 (33) | 80 (32) | 0.90 |
| Overall | n=101 | n=251 | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 53 (26–76) | 51 (29.5–65) | 0.29 |
| Gender, n (%) male | 70 (69) | 183 (73) | 0.60 |
| Type of injury, n (%) blunt | 95 (94) | 236 (94) | 1.00 |
| ISS, median (IQR) | 18 (16–25) | 19 (16–26) | 0.064 |
| External cause of injury, n (%) | |||
| Falls† | 49 (48) | 86 (34) | 0.015 |
| Transport accidents * | 35 (35) | 132 (53) | 0.003 |
| Assaults | 9 (9) | 26 (10) | 0.84 |
| Animate or inanimate forces† | 8 (8) | 7 (3) | 0.041 |
| EMS SBP<90 mm Hg, n (%) | n=95 | n=183 | |
| 8 (8) | 16 (9) | 0.52 | |
| Scene GCS, median (IQR) | n=100 | n=232 | |
| 15 (13–15) | 15 (12–15) | 0.53 | |
| EMS shock index>0.7, n (%) | n=93 | n=203 | |
| 31 (33) | 76 (37) | 0.52 | |
| Moderate injury | n=68 | n=171 | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 48.5 (22–73.5) | 50 (28–64) | 0.80 |
| Gender, n (%) male | 47 (69) | 118 (69) | 1.00 |
| ISS, median (IQR) | 16.5 (14–18) | 17 (14–19) | 0.10 |
| Scene GCS, median (IQR) | n=68 | n=161 | |
| 15 (6) | 15 (6) | 0.49 | |
| EMS shock index>0.7, n (%) | n=63 | n=144 | |
| 22 (35) | 53 (37) | 0.88 | |
| Severe injury | n=33 | n=80 | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 59 (35–78) | 51 (36.5–70.3) | 0.23 |
| Gender, n (%) male | 23 (70) | 65 (81) | 0.21 |
| ISS, median (IQR)† | 26 (25–29) | 27 (26–33) | 0.019 |
| Scene GCS, median (IQR) | n=32 | n=71 | |
| 13 (10) | 13 (10) | 0.61 | |
| EMS shock index>0.7, n (%) | n=30 | n=59 | |
| 9 (30) | 23 (39) | 0.49 | |
External cause of injury are defined by ICD-10 code.
Some analyses were completed with fewer observations than the total n for each system due to missing data (this is indicated by n values in columns 2 and 3).
* Indicates strong significance (p<0.01).
†Indicates moderate significance (0.01<p<0.05).
GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score; SBP, systolic blood pressure.