Heating properties of fluid warmers at different flows and input temperatures
| Buddy Lite | enFlow | Thermal Angel | Warrior | |
| (A) Flow 50 mL/min, input temperature 20°C | ||||
| First litre temperature (°C) | 35.2±0.2 | 36.5±0.9 | 35.1±0.5 | 37.4±0.6 |
| Second litre temperature (°C) | 35.6±0.2 | 36.7±0.9 | 20.6±0.6 | 38.0±0.6 |
| Third litre temperature (°C) | 35.7±0.1 | 26.8±2.4 | 20.0±0.0 | 38.0±0.6 |
| Fourth litre temperature (°C) | 26.3±2.8 | 20.0±0.0 | 20.0±0.0 | 30.6±1.7 |
| Volume heated (mL) | 3391±177 | 2406±168 | 981±100 | 3584±120 |
| Average temperature (°C) | 35.4±0.2 | 36.6±0.9 | 35.9±0.6 | 37.8±0.6 |
| Energy transfer (Watt hour) | 45.4±2.1 | 34.4±1.0 | 13.5±0.9 | 55.1±0.5 |
| (B) Flow 100 mL/min, input temperature 20°C | ||||
| First litre temperature (°C) | 25.8±0.6 | 35.5±0.4 | 35.9±1.0 | 36.5±0.7 |
| Second litre temperature (°C) | 25.7±0.3 | 35.9±0.4 | 20.5±0.9 | 37.4±0.8 |
| Third litre temperature (°C) | 28.0±1.3 | 32.9±1.2 | 20.0±0.0 | 37.4±0.8 |
| Fourth litre temperature (°C) | 33.0±0.3 | 20.0±0.0 | 20.0±0.0 | 37.3±0.8 |
| Fifth litre temperature (°C) | 32.1±0.4 | 20.0±0.0 | 20.0±0.0 | 26.1±1.3 |
| Volume heated (mL) | 6108±65 | 2808±91 | 982±79 | 4365±68 |
| Average temperature (°C) | 29.3±0.4 | 35.7±0.4 | 36.4±0.4 | 37.1±0.7 |
| Energy transfer (Watt hour) | 38.4±2.0 | 38.2±1.3 | 14.2±1.5 | 64.3±2.2 |
| (C) Flow 200 mL/min, input temperature 20°C | ||||
| First litre temperature (°C) | 20.4±0.2 | 33.8±0.9 | 30.8±2.7 | 35.1±0.9 |
| Second litre temperature (°C) | 20.1±0.1 | 35.2±0.9 | 27.1±1.1 | 36.5±0.9 |
| Third litre temperature (°C) | 20.2±0.4 | 34.1±0.7 | 20.0±0.0 | 36.5±0.9 |
| Fourth litre temperature (°C) | 20.3±0.6 | 25.5±0.9 | 20.0±0.0 | 36.4±0.9 |
| Fifth litre temperature (°C) | 20.5±0.5 | 20.0±0.0 | 20.0±0.0 | 34.1±2.4 |
| Volume heated (mL) | N/A† | 3387±84 | 1493±37 | 4863±149 |
| Average temperature (°C) | N/A† | 34.2±0.8 | 31.1±2.6 | 36.1±0.9 |
| Energy transfer (Watt hour) | 1.3±1.1 | 41.8±1.5 | 15.4±3.2 | 67.6±3.4 |
| (D) Flow 50 mL/min, input temperature 10°C | ||||
| First litre temperature (°C) | 12.1±0.4 | 36.1±0.5 | 26.9±0.9 | 36.5±0.6 |
| Second litre temperature (°C) | 11.9±0.5 | 27.1±2.9 | 10.0±0.0 | 37.1±0.5 |
| Third litre temperature (°C) | 11.9±0.5 | 10.0±0.0 | 10.0±0.0 | 27.7±1.0 |
| Fourth litre temperature (°C) | 11.9±0.5 | 10.0±0.0 | 10.0±0.0 | 10.0±0.0 |
| Volume heated (mL) | N/A† | 1636±122 | 688±34 | 2646±36 |
| Average temperature (°C) | N/A† | 36.3±0.5 | 34.0±0.5 | 36.9±0.5 |
| Energy transfer (Watt hour) | 6.7±1.5 | 37.2±2.3 | 14.5±0.8 | 61.4±1.5 |
| (E) Flow 100 mL/min, input temperature 10°C | ||||
| First litre temperature (°C) | 10.8±0.3 | 33.7±0.4 | 26.2±0.7 | 35.2±0.3 |
| Second litre temperature (°C) | 10.8±0.2 | 29.5±1.7 | 10.1±0.2 | 36.4±0.2 |
| Third litre temperature (°C) | 10.8±0.2 | 10.2±0.1 | 10.0±0.0 | 35.9±0.6 |
| Fourth litre temperature (°C) | 10.8±0.2 | 10.0±0.0 | 10.0±0.0 | 10.8±0.6 |
| Volume heated (mL) | N/A† | 1802±78 | 812±34 | 2998±39 |
| Average temperature (°C) | N/A† | 33.7±0.4 | 29.4±0.9 | 35.9±0.2 |
| Energy transfer (Watt hour) | 2.8±0.8 | 37.3±1.6 | 14.0±0.6 | 67.3±1.0 |
| (F) Flow 200 mL/min, input temperature 10°C | ||||
| First litre temperature (°C) | 10.8±0.3 | 25.3±0.2 | 20.7±0.5 | 33.0±0.4 |
| Second litre temperature (°C) | 10.5±0.2 | 26.7±0.3 | 17.2±0.6 | 35.6±0.3 |
| Third litre temperature (°C) | 10.5±0.2 | 25.5±0.3 | 10.0±0.1 | 35.6±0.3 |
| Fourth litre temperature (°C) | 10.5±0.2 | 15.0±1.6 | 10.0±0.0 | 19.3±1.9 |
| Volume heated (mL) | N/A† | 3280±139 | 1547±40 | 3360±83 |
| Average temperature (°C) | N/A† | 25.7±0.2 | 20.9±0.4 | 34.4±0.3 |
| Energy transfer (Watt hour) | 2.0±0.8 | 45.2±1.7 | 15.4±0.4 | 71.9±1.1 |
Values are presented as mean±SD.
*Kruskal-Wallis H-test for the difference between the devices. P<0.01 is considered significant. Calculated p value for all comparison <0.005.
†No effective heat transfer.