Results of the QUADAS-2 quality assessment process
| Study | Risk of bias | Applicability concerns | |||||
| Patient selection | Index test | Reference standard | Flow and timing | Patient selection | Index test | Reference standard | |
| Lalande et al 18 | High | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low |
| Lee et al 18 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low |
| Paik et al 20 | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
| Rainer et al 21 | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
| Kara et al 21 | Low | Unclear | High | Low | Low | Unclear | Low |
| Turk et al 23 | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Hurley et al 7 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Hwang and Lee24 | High | Unclear | High | High | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
| Griffith et al 25 | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
| Wüstner et al 26 | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Unclear |
| Wischhofer et al 27 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | High | Low | Low | Unclear |
| Bitschnau et al 28 | Low | Low | High | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
| Martino et al 29 | High | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |