Multilevel mixed effects linear regression model (physician identification number as the random intercept model) to predict the total ED diagnostic resource use out of the pooled variables for physicians and patients' characteristics (z-transformed variables) (n=473)
| Total ED diagnostic resources | Coefficient | 95% CI | P value |
| Patient’s condition (chronic), older/more comorbidities | 51.0 | (−9.4 to 111.4) | 0.098 |
| Patient’s condition (acuity), more urgent | 126.0 | (65.5 to 186.6) | <0.001 |
| Physician's experience, less | 27.9 | (−32.7 to 88.5) | 0.367 |
| Context characteristics, worse | −3.4 | (−63.7 to 57.0) | 0.913 |
| Subjective case difficulty, more difficult | 147.5 | (87.3 to 207.7) | <0.001 |
| Constant | 1333.9 | (1273.8 to 1393.9) | <0.001 |