Quality assessment (QUADAS-2)
| Study | Risk of bias | Applicability concerns | |||||
| Patient selection | Index test | Reference standard | Flow and timing | Patient selection | Index test | Reference standard | |
| Goulden et al, (2018)20 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Churpek et al, (2017)21 | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
| Usman et al, (2018)22 | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
| Szakmany et al, (2018)23 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low |
| Samsudin et al, (2018)24 | High | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| de Groot et al, (2017)25 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Redfern et al, (2018)26 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Redondo-González et al, (2018)27 | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
| Innocenti et al, (2017)28 | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low |
| Martino et al, (2018)29 | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
| Liu and Hu (2018)30 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| van der Woude et al, (2018)31 | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
| Brink et al, (2019)32 | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |