Baseline, clinical, analytical and radiological characteristics, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 with acute (myo)pericarditis and comparison with patients with COVID-19 without acute (myo)pericarditis (control group A) and with patients without COVID-19 with acute (myo)pericarditis (control group B)
| Cases (COVID-19 and AMP) N=67 n (%) | Control group A (COVID-19 and non-AMP) N=335 n (%) | Control group B (non-COVID and AMP) N=335 n (%) | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) (median (IQR) | 51 (39–71) | 65 (52–77)* | 45 (30–66)† |
| Sex (male) | 41 (61.2) | 176 (52.5) | 237 (70.7) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 22 (33.8) | 153 (45.7) | 89 (26.6) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 13 (19.4) | 112 (33.4)* | 72 (21.5) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10 (14.9) | 60 (17.9) | 36 (10.7) |
| Coronary artery disease | 7 (10.4) | 25 (7.5) | 18 (5.4) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (9.0) | 22 (6.6) | 25 (7.5) |
| Active cancer | 6 (9.0) | 31 (9.3) | 42 (12.5) |
| Obesity (clinically estimated) | 5 (7.5) | 52 (15.5) | 32 (9.6) |
| Asthma | 5 (7.5) | 24 (7.2) | 17 (5.1) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 4 (6.0) | 28 (8.4) | 18 (5.4) |
| Active smoker | 4 (6.0) | 22 (6.6) | 75 (22.4)† |
| Peripheral artery disease | 4 (6.0) | 15 (4.5) | 15 (4.5) |
| Chronic liver disease | 4 (6.0) | 12 (3.6) | 12 (3.6) |
| Chronic heart disease | 3 (4.5) | 28 (8.4) | 22 (6.6) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3 (4.5) | 24 (7.2) | 6 (1.8) |
| Dementia | 1 (1.5) | 30 (9.0)* | 4 (1.2) |
| Symptoms at ED arrival | |||
| Length of symptoms (days) (median (IQR) | 5 (1–8) | 7 (3–10) | 2 (1–5)† |
| Chest pain | 54 (80.6) | 42 (12.5)* | 307 (91.6)† |
| Dyspnoea | 37 (55.2) | 185 (5.2) | 97 (29.0)† |
| Cough | 26 (38.8) | 196 (58.5)* | 35 (10.4)† |
| Fever >38°C | 20 (29.9) | 198 (59.1)* | 52 (15.5)† |
| Abdominal pain | 9 (13.4) | 17 (5.1)* | 13 (3.9)† |
| Vomiting | 9 (13.4) | 24 (7.2) | 13 (3.9)† |
| Diarrhoea | 7 (10.4) | 54 (16.1) | 16 (4.8) |
| Expectoration | 7 (10.4) | 49 (14.6) | 10 (3.0)† |
| Rhinorrhoea | 5 (7.5) | 23 (6.9) | 10 (3.0) |
| Dysgeusia | 3 (4.5) | 26 (7.8) | 1 (0.3)† |
| Anosmia | 2 (3.0) | 22 (6.6) | 1 (0.3)† |
| Syncope | 2 (3.0) | 14 (4.2) | 5 (1.5) |
| Signs at ED arrival (median (IQR) | |||
| Temperature (°C) | 36.4 (36.0–37.0) | 36.6 (36.0–37.3) | 36.2 (36.0–36.8) |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 130 (115–146) | 125 (114–140) | 128 (117–140) |
| HR (bpm) | 92 (80–106) | 88 (78–100) | 85 (75–99)† |
| RR (bpm) | 19 (16–24) | 18 (16–23) | 16 (14–20)† |
| Room air pulse oximetry (%) | 97 (94–99) | 96 (92–98)* | 98 (96–99) |
| Laboratory findings (median (IQR) | |||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.88 (0.73–1.19) | 0.87 (0.72–1.10) | 0.87 (0.75–1.05) |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 139 (135–141) | 138 (136–140) | 139 (137–141) |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.1 (3.7–4.4) | 4.0 (3.7–4.4) | 4.1 (3.9–4.4) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 31 (20–51) | 30 (22–48) | 23 (18–37) |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.72 (0.48–1.43) | 0.50 (0.36–0.70)* | 0.64 (0.40–0.97) |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 71 (54–94) | 71 (57–95) | 87 (61–107) |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 262 (187–447) | 278 (211–359) | 205 (163–255)† |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 135 (119–150) | 139 (127–148) | 140 (128–151) |
| Leucocyte (×109 cells/L) | 8.2 (6.6–10.8) | 6.7 (4.9–9.1) | 9.3 (6.8–12.6) |
| Lymphocyte count (×109 cells/L) | 1.4 (0.8–1.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.7 (1.1–2.3)† |
| Platelets (×109 cells/L) | 236 (191–304) | 206 (161–259)* | 241 (199–292) |
| D-dimer (ng/mL) | 944 (302–2164) | 640 (370–1280) | 500 (285–1530) |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 3.2 (0.3–10.4) | 5.9 (1.9–12.2)* | 2.0 (0.5–8.1) |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 429 (44–870) | 495 (270–1183) | 184 (134–317) |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.06 (0.02–0.28) | 0.10 (0.06–0.22) | 0.08 (0.04–0.43) |
| CXR | N=65 | N=325 | N=316 |
| Cardiomegaly | 18 (27.7) | 34 (10.5)* | 73 (23.0) |
| Pleural effusion | 8 (12.3) | 14 (4.3)* | 40 (12.6) |
| Interstitial lung infiltrates | 21 (32.3) | 143 (44.0) | 9 (2.8)† |
| Ground-glass lung opacities | 16 (24.6) | 187 (57.5)* | 8 (2.5)† |
| Outcomes | |||
| Hospitalisation | 43 (64.2) | 253 (75.5) | 174 (51.9) |
| Admission to ICU | 11 (16.4) | 22 (6.6)* | 35 (10.4) |
| Prolonged hospitalisation | 21 (34.4) | 133 (39.9) | 76 (22.8) |
| In-hospital mortality | 11 (16.4) | 55 (16.4) | 8 (2.4)† |
p values denote statistically significant differences (p<0.05).
*P values refer to comparison between cases and control group A.
†P values refer to comparison between cases and control group B.
AMP, acute (myo)pericarditis; ICU, intensive care unit.