Baseline characteristics by the presence or absence of critical illness
| Characteristics | Critical illness (n=546) | |
| No | Yes | |
| 376 (68.9%) | 170 (31.1%) | |
| Mean age (SD), years | 66.0 (17.3) | 68.6 (15.9) |
| Female | 50.70% | 41.50% |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 36.10% | 30.00% |
| Black | 33.70% | 30.80% |
| Hispanic | 16.30% | 13.10% |
| Other | 13.90% | 26.20% |
| Mean length of stay (SD), days | 7.7 (7.1) | 22.8 (14.4) |
| Obesity | 17.30% | 37.50% |
| Renal failure | 32.90% | 22.70% |
| Liver disease | 7.20% | 7.80% |
| Presented from nursing home | 24.30% | 25.40% |
| Chest X-ray abnormality | 67.60% | 87.60% |
| Haemoptysis | 2.10% | 2.90% |
| Altered mental status | 21.40% | 32.50% |
| Comorbidity count (SD) | 4.8 (0.9) | 4.9 (0.7) |
| Cancer history | 12.20% | 17.10% |
| Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (SD) | 5.3 (4.4) | 8.7 (8.2) |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (SD) | 357.2 (166.0) | 595.6 (1242.2) |
| Total bilirubin (SD) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.05) |
| Uraemia | 63.40% | 47.50% |
| Elevated respiratory rate | 9.10% | 3.60% |
| Critical blood pressure | 18.20% | 14.30% |
| Mean COVID-GRAM score (SD) | 7.1 (1.5) | 8.2 (3.1) |
| CURB-65 score | ||
| 0 | 28.80% | 19.70% |
| 1 | 19.50% | 31.60% |
| 2 | 29.80% | 23.10% |
| 3 | 16.90% | 17.10% |
| 4 | 4.70% | 8.50% |
| 5 | <1% | 0% |
Critical illness was defined as an individual requiring mechanical ventilation or death. Uraemia was defined as a blood urea nitrogen >19 mg/dL. Elevated respiratory rate was defined as a rate of ≥30 breaths per minute. Critical blood pressure was defined as a systolic blood pressure of <90 mm Hg and/or a diastolic blood pressure ≤60 mm Hg. Chest X-ray abnormalities were based on chart review by medical professionals. All risk factors were collected within 48 hours of presentation to the hospital. Predictors in COVID-GRAM included chest X-ray abnormality, age, haemoptysis, dyspnoea, altered mental status, comorbidity count, cancer history, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, lactate dehydrogenase and bilirubin. Predictors in CURB-65 included altered mental status, uraemia, respiratory rate, critical blood pressure and age of 65 years or older.