Baseline patient characteristics by treatment group
| Ringer’s lactate (n=25) | Normal saline (n=27) | Total (n=52) | |
| Demographic information | |||
| Age, years (median (IQR)) | 47 (33–65) | 43 (24–59) | 46 (25–63) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Male | 16 (64.0) | 15 (55.6) | 31 (59.6) |
| Female | 9 (36.0) | 12 (44.4) | 21 (40.4) |
| Social history, n (%) | |||
| Tobacco use | 8 (32.0) | 13 (48.1) | 21 (40.4) |
| Substance use (eg, opioids, cannabis, stimulants) | 7 (28.0) | 8 (29.6) | 15 (28.8) |
| Alcohol misuse | 7 (28.0) | 7 (25.9) | 14 (26.9) |
| Medical background | |||
| Diabetes history, n (%) | |||
| Type I | 9 (36.0) | 17 (63.0) | 26 (50.0) |
| Type II | 14 (56.0) | 8 (29.6) | 22 (42.3) |
| New diagnosis/no documented history | 2 (8.0) | 2 (7.4) | 4 (7.7) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Psychiatric illness (eg, depression) | 10 (40.0) | 11 (40.7) | 21 (40.4) |
| Hypertension | 9 (36.0) | 12 (44.4) | 21 (40.4) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 6 (24.0) | 6 (22.2) | 12 (23.1) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (24.0) | 4 (14.8) | 10 (19.2) |
| Coronary artery disease | 2 (8.0) | 3 (11.1) | 5 (9.6) |
| Congestive heart failure | 3 (12.0) | 1 (3.7) | 4 (7.7) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1 (4.0) | 3 (11.1) | 4 (7.7) |
| Cancer | 3 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.8) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1 (4.0) | 2 (7.4) | 3 (5.8) |
| Stroke or transient ischaemic attack | 1 (4.0) | 1 (3.7) | 2 (3.8) |
| Dementia | 1 (4.0) | 1 (3.7) | 2 (3.8) |
| Diabetes medications actively taking at home, n (%) | |||
| Insulin | 17 (68.0) | 24 (88.9) | 41 (78.8) |
| Oral hypoglycaemics | 7 (28.0) | 4 (14.8) | 11 (21.2) |
| Metformin | 6 (24.0) | 3 (11.1) | 9 (17.3) |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 4 (16.0) | 1 (3.7) | 5 (9.6) |
| Sitagliptin | 2 (8.0) | 3 (11.1) | 5 (9.6) |
| Glyburide | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) |
| Gliclazide | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.7) | 1 (1.9) |
GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; SGLT2, sodium–glucose cotransporter-2.