Table 1

Included studies from the systematic review

Authors	Year	Region	Study population	Comparison type	Patients included	Outcome measure reported
Abernathy III et al ²²	2002	Alabama, USA	All trauma patients	Before–after	3024	Total overall cost per case ($)
Gabbe et al ²³	2015	Victoria, Australia	Road transport-related major trauma cases	Before–after	7828	Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and total cost per case (A$)
Kelly et al ²⁴	2015	Ohio, USA	Patients with TBI>14 years with a head AIS score≥3	Before–after	3496	Functional Independence Measure scores at discharge
Kim J et al ²⁵	2019	Ulsan, South Korea	Severe trauma (ISS>15) with TBI	Before–after	322	Glasgow Outcome Scale at 3 months
Kim M et al ²⁶	2022	Suwon, South Korea	Open fracture below the knee level and Gustilo type II/III	Before–after	273	Rates of limb salvage† during admission
Metcalfe et al ²⁷	2014	West Midlands, UK	All major trauma patients	Before–after	1768	Rates of good recovery* at discharge
Vasse et al ²⁸	2022	Provence-Alpes-Cote-d’Azur, France	Penetrating thoracic trauma patients	Before–after	426	Combined 30-day morbidity–mortality rates

†Defined as the resolution of soft tissue wounds without a requirement for major amputation; *defined as patients being discharged home to live independently, with no new arrangements for domiciliary care.
ISS, Injury Severity Scores; TBI, traumatic brain injury.