Patient characteristics, Vaud, Switzerland, 2018–2021
| Missing n (%) | Total (n=13 944) | Risk of death from bleeding* | |||
| Low (n=1223) | Intermediate (n=775) | High (n=403) | |||
| Sex (male), n (%) | 7 (<0.1) | 6277 (45) | 516 (42) | 406 (53) | 286 (72) |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 8 (<0.1) | 67 (23) | 73 (22) | 61 (23) | 57 (23) |
| <40, n (%) | 2380 (17) | 164 (13) | 166 (22) | 115 (29) | |
| 40–54, n (%) | 1678 (12) | 67 (6) | 134 (17) | 74 (18) | |
| 55–74, n (%) | 2836 (20) | 147 (12) | 200 (26) | 82 (21) | |
| ≥75, n (%) | 7042 (51) | 845 (69) | 271 (35) | 128 (32) | |
| First vital signs | |||||
| SBP (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 1381 (10) | 142 (28) | 146 (26) | 113 (34) | 101 (39) |
| <90 mm Hg (%) | 218 (2) | 0 (0) | 139 (18) | 79 (20) | |
| HR (bpm), mean (SD) | 656 (5) | 82 (19) | 103 (19) | 84 (21) | 98 (28) |
| >110 bpm, n (%) | 736 (5) | 356 (29) | 71 (9) | 50 (12) | |
| First GCS (points), median (IQR 25–75) | 1147 (8) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (11–15) | 3 (3–10) |
| 3–8, n (%) | 430 (3) | 23 (2) | 160 (21) | 247 (61) | |
| 9–12, n (%) | 184 (1) | 30 (3) | 98 (13) | 19 (5) | |
| 13–15, n (%) | 12 183 (87) | 1104 (90) | 448 (58) | 70 (17) | |
| NACA (points), mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 3.2 (1) | 3.2 (1) | 4.0 (1) | 5.9 (1) |
| 3 (injury requiring hospital admission), n (%) | 12 281 (88) | 972 (79) | 406 (52) | 33 (8) | |
| 4 (injury that can deteriorate vital signs), n (%) | 955 (7) | 199 (16) | 134 (17) | 30 (7) | |
| 5 (injury with acute threat to life), n (%) | 345 (2) | 46 (4) | 137 (18) | 87 (22) | |
| 6 (transported after stabilisation), n (%) | 67 (<0.5) | 5 (<0.5) | 24 (3) | 34 (8) | |
| 7 (lethal injury, died on-site), n (%) | 296 (2) | 1 (0) | 74 (10) | 219 (54) | |
| Circumstances, n (%) | 1773 (13) | ||||
| Transport accident, n (%) | 2891 (21) | 285 (23) | 209 (27) | 166 (41) | |
| Low energy | 1505 (11) | 58 (5) | 40 (5) | 1 (0) | |
| High energy | 889 (6) | 208 (17) | 150 (19) | 162 (40) | |
| Unspecified | 497 (4) | 19 (2) | 19 (2) | 3 (1) | |
| Weapons, n (%) | 198 (1) | 53 (4) | 14 (2) | 43 (11) | |
| Firearms | 50 (<0.5) | 8 (1) | 6 (1) | 27 (7) | |
| Stabbing | 148 (1) | 45 (4) | 8 (1) | 16 (4) | |
| Fall, n (%) | 8841 (63) | 776 (63) | 407 (53) | 142 (35) | |
| Low energy | 8005 (57) | 664 (54) | 317 (41) | 26 (6) | |
| High energy | 529 (4) | 99 (8) | 79 (10) | 114 (28) | |
| Unspecified | 307 (2) | 13 (1) | 11 (1) | 2 (1) | |
| Struck/crush, n (%) | 241 (2) | 14 (1) | 11 (1) | 11 (3) | |
| Mechanisms with severity criteria, n (%) | 1704 (12) | 379 (31) | 233 (30) | 329 (82) | |
| Penetrating injury | 250 (2) | 70 (6) | 22 (3) | 53 (13) | |
| High-energy injury | 1483 (11) | 321 (26) | 219 (28) | 285 (71) | |
| All cause of prehospital death, n (%) | 379 (3) | 10 (1) | 97 (13) | 267 (66) | |
*Risk of death from bleeding according to the BATT score: low (BATT 3–4, risk 1%); intermediate (BATT 5–7, risk 5%); high (BATT≥8, risk 15%).
BATT, Bleeding Audit for Trauma and Triage; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; HR, heart rate; NACA, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (score); SBP, systolic BP; TXA, tranexamic acid.