Selected Topics: Prehospital CareEarly Detection and Treatment of Patients with Severe Sepsis by Prehospital Personnel
Introduction
Severe sepsis and septic shock combined are the 10th leading cause of death, resulting in 215,000 deaths annually and 50.37 deaths per 100,000 people in the United States (US) (1). There are an estimated 751,000 cases of sepsis every year, and age-related, sepsis-associated mortality continues to rise 2, 3. The cost of caring for this group of patients is estimated to be $22,100 per case and $16 billion annually (2). More than one third of Emergency Department (ED) patients with an infection and patients with severe sepsis and septic shock received their initial care from prehospital personnel 4, 5. In addition, patients presenting by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) have higher mortality rates, even after adjusting for demographics and comorbidities (5). Health care providers can decrease patient morbidity and mortality by identifying those with severe sepsis as early as possible and initiating treatment in the most proximal phase of illness 6, 7, 8.
Early EMS detection of patients with other severe and critical disorders and advance notification to the receiving ED has been shown to decrease time to diagnosis and treatment times and potentially improve outcomes. For example, in cases of acute stroke, EMS providers have been trained to identify patients and relay this information to the receiving hospital. These patients have shorter door-to-computed tomography scan times and a modest increase in the use of tissue plasminogen activator (9). Similarly, decreased door-to-balloon times have been demonstrated in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction patients by using prehospital electrocardiograms 10, 11. A need for increased awareness and more aggressive treatment in the out-of-hospital setting has been recommended previously, and a prehospital severe sepsis screening tool based on consensus definitions has been developed, but not tested 5, 12.
We created this pilot study to investigate the feasibility of a prehospital sepsis screening tool. To that end, we developed a methodology comparable with the cardiac and stroke alert prenotification process to the ED. The Sepsis Alert Protocol (Table 1) contained many familiar components of our longstanding EMS cardiac and stroke alert programs, such as early notification and standardized EMS treatment (13). Our study included two components, identification and treatment. The identification component was executed solely by EMS. The treatment component was initiated by EMS and was to be continued by the ED staff after arrival in the ED. It is important to note that the treatments initiated before hospital arrival were standard EMS interventions for medical shock and contained no new treatment modalities except prompt initiation of treatment. For the ED, treatment was defined as reception of the patient by appropriate staff with the resources necessary for the care of a patient in severe sepsis. Continuation of EMS-initiated treatments was at the discretion of the receiving ED physician.
The primary objective of this study was to determine if EMS providers could identify patients with severe sepsis after having received training in identification of severe sepsis using an evidence-based screening instrument. The secondary objective was to examine differences in mortality between EMS patients in severe sepsis for whom the Sepsis Alert Protocol was initiated or not initiated. We also attempted to evaluate any factors or interventions identified a priori from past studies that might have affected patient survivability: patient comorbidities, time to antibiotics, amount of intravenous fluid infused, central line placement, and intubation. In addition, we have established a platform for future research studies on prehospital identification and treatment for severe sepsis.
Section snippets
Setting
The three participating hospitals are tertiary care centers and collectively care for > 80,000 ED patients annually. Approximately 57% of the 911 EMS transports into the three hospitals are from EMS agencies that function under the medical control of the researching entity. Four board-certified Emergency Physicians provide medical direction for the various agencies, with additional staff responsible for supervision, training, and education for > 950 Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) and
Results
During the study time frame of 2009, trained EMS providers transported 67 of 112 EMS patients in severe sepsis to the EDs of our three hospitals. Trained EMS providers identified 32 (47.8%) of the severe sepsis patients and initiated the Sepsis Alert Protocol. Trained EMS providers did not identify 35 of the 67 patients with documented severe sepsis upon hospital arrival and initial ED evaluation. In five of these unidentified cases, the patient’s systolic blood pressure, mean arterial
Discussion
Sepsis is a leading cause of death, with an estimated annual mortality of 215,000 deaths annually and 50.37 deaths per 100,000 people in the US (1). While the rate of increase in sepsis-related deaths has decreased over the last 20 years, the aging population is contributing to an overall increase in sepsis-related mortality (3). The faster patients with severe sepsis can be identified and treated, the better their outcomes, as demonstrated by the national Survive Sepsis program and Early
Conclusions
This pilot study is the first to utilize EMS providers and venous lactate meters to identify patients in severe sepsis. It was designed to explore the feasibility of sepsis identification by prehospital personnel. Accuracy of identification of severe sepsis before hospital arrival utilizing the Sepsis Alert Protocol was 47.8%. Mortality from severe sepsis for all EMS patients was 26.7%; mortality for severe sepsis patients identified and treated under the Sepsis Alert Protocol was 13.6%,
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Emergency Physicians at Porter Hospitals and the staff of Porter, Littleton, and Parker Adventist Hospitals.
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2020, Journal of Critical CareCitation Excerpt :Prior to qSOFA, several screening tools including the Robson screening tool, the Guerra screening tool, and the Prehospital Early Sepsis Detection (PRESEP) score were developed to detect early sepsis [29-31]. These tools have high sensitivity for patients meeting the criteria for sepsis [29-31]. However, previous screening tools and early warning scores such as MEWS and NEWS are complex to apply in infected patients who arrive in the ED [27-30].