Quantum annealing is a generic name of quantum algorithms that use quantum-mechanical
fluctuations to search for the solution of an optimization problem. It shares the basic idea …

Background Non–small-cell lung cancer with sensitive mutations of the epidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR) is highly responsive to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as …

Background In investigations of the effectiveness of surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for
gastric cancers, overall survival (OS) is considered the gold standard endpoint. However …

Advances in surgical technique can be followed by long periods of catch-up as clinicians
learn how to use new techniques appropriately. Despite the successful use of laparoscopy …

Background Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring mutations in the epidermal
growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene respond well to the EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase …

BACKGROUND: To improve the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the treatment
of intermediate‐sized hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), the authors compared RFA …

Purpose Programmed death-1 (PD-1), a coinhibitory immune signal receptor expressed in T
cells, binds to PD-1 ligand and regulates antitumor immunity. Nivolumab is an anti–PD-1 …

Background Resistance to first-generation or second-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase
inhibitor (TKI) monotherapy develops in almost half of patients with EGFR-positive non-small …

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are a promising source for a cell-based therapy to
treat Parkinson's disease (PD), in which midbrain dopaminergic neurons progressively …

Purpose This multicenter phase II study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and
feasibility of gefitinib for patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) …